Ch. 41 Lecture Outline

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Texas A&M University *

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Biology

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Nov 24, 2024

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Ch. 41 Lecture Outline What are the four levels of organization of the vertebrate body? Humans have around ___________ different cell types. _______________ are an aggregate of similar cells that organize to perform a specific function. What are the three fundamental embryonic germ layers? What are the four primary tissues in adult vertebrates? _______________ are a combination of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit. ____________ ______________ are groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body. There are _______ principal organ systems in the vertebrate body. An ____________ covers every surface of the vertebrate body. Cells of epithelia are tightly bound together and form a ______________ ____________.
__________ surface epithelial tissues are secured to the side. __________ surface epithelial tissues are open to a free side. The two general classes of epithelia are _________ that are one layer thick and __________ that are several layers thick. List the types of cells in the two general classes of epithelial and describe their characteristics. Simple _____________ epithelium line the lungs and blood capillaries. Simple __________ epithelium line kidney tubules and glands. Simple _____________ epithelium line airways of the respiratory tract and most of the gastrointestinal tract. What do goblet cells do? Describe stratified epithelium. ______________ glands are connected to epithelium by a duct and include sweat, sebaceous, and salivary glands.
_____________ glands are ductless and secrete hormones into blood. The two major classes of connective tissue are ___________ and ____________. Describe loose and dense connective tissues. Describe cartilage, bone, and blood.
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_____________ cells are important for nutrient storage and occur in loose connective tissues. ________________ are cartilage cells that live within _____________, which are the spaces in the ground substance. ___________________ are bone cells in a matrix of calcium phosphate. ___________________ are red blood cells, ______________ are white blood cells, and ______________ are platelets. Describe the three kinds of muscle tissues. _______________ tissues are composed of neurons and their supporting cells, which are called _______________. What are the three parts of neurons and describe them?
The nervous system is divided into the ________________ ____________ ___________, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the ________________ ___________ ______________, which includes nerves and ganglia and assist with communication of signaling with the rest of the body. What are the three organ systems that are involved with communication and integration? What system is involved with support and movement? What four systems involve regulation and maintenance of animal body chemistry? What two systems are involved in the body’s defense? The dynamic constancy of the internal environment is called ______________. Describe negative and positive feedback.
_____________ sends messages when there is a deviation in a condition to increase or decrease the activity of particular target organs. Mammals and birds are _____________ meaning they maintain a relative constant body temperature independent of the environmental temperature. ________________ effectors are involved in the control of body temperature. If the _______________ detects high temperatures, heat dissipation through ____________ will be promoted though the dilation of blood vessels in the skin, and if the _______________ detects low temperatures, heat conservation will be promoted through ___________ from the constriction of blood vessels in the skin. Describe what Q 10 is, how you calculate it, and what it means. Temperature is determined by ____________ and ___________ factors. What is the equation for body heat? Describe the four mechanisms of heat transfer.
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Define homeotherms. Define poikilotherms. Define ectotherms. Describe the characteristics of endotherms and ectotherms. Describe countercurrent exchange and how it influences thermoregulation. Explain what the mouse to elephant curve shows. Mammal thermoregulation is controlled by the _________________. What does the heat-losing center promote? What does the heat-promoting center promote?

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