Unit 5 Report

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Nov 24, 2024

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Student’s Last Name 1 Student’s Name Instructor’s Name Course Title 21 st April 2021 Unit 5 Report (1)Name the two hormones commonly referred to as “thyroid hormone” and describe their general actions. According to Rosalind and Tata, the two types of thyroid hormones are Calcitonin, and triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).Calcitonin is a hormone produced by parafollicular cells mainly referred to as C-cells in athyroid gland.Calcitonin reduces levels of calcium in blood. It lowers levels of calcium in blood by two major methods: First, it obstructs osteoclasts activities, which are cells in charge of breaking the bone down. After breaking the bone, the calcium enclosed in that bone gets absorbed in the bloodstream. Hence, the obstruction of osteoclasts cells by calcitonin lowers the levels of calcium that is secreted to the blood directly. Nevertheless, this hindrance is said to be temporary. The second method is by decreasing re-absorption of calcium into the kidneys , which results to reduced levels of blood calcium. T3 & T4 thyroid hormones are responsible for regulating the rate of burning calories which in turn affects weight gain or weight loss, lowering or speeding up heartbeats, increasing or decreasing body temperatures, influencing the rates at which ingested food moves via the digestive system, controlling the contraction of muscles, controlling the rates of replacement of dying cells, controlling the functioning of the brain, and regulating metabolism and also blood pressure.

Student’s Last Name 2 (2)Why would an overactive thyroid cause Maria’s weight loss, sweating, and elevated heart rate? Having excessive hormones in a human’s bloodstream is known as thyrotoxicosis. Such a condition frequently arises from too much activity in the thyroid gland, also referred to as hyperthyroidism (Rosalind and Tata).The symptoms experienced by Maria could have been due to the excessive activity of T3 and T4 hormones because this is likely to cause loss of weight, higher temperatures, and high blood pressure which increases the heart rate and results to sweating. (3)Maria wonders if TSH is a “thyroid hormone,” and Dr. Jollo explains that it is not. State the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and name the gland that secretes it. TSH is made and secreted to the bloodstream by the pituitary gland. It regulates the production of T3 and T4 hormones by thyroid gland, through attaching itself to receptors situated in the cells of a human’s thyroid gland (Mariusz et al.). (4)How is the secretion of TSH regulated under normal conditions? When TSH attaches itself to the receptors of thyroid cells, it triggers the cells to make T4 and T3 hormones and secrete the hormones to the bloodstream. The hormones create a damaging impact on the pituitary gland by stopping the creation of TSH when the triiodothyronine and thyroxine hormone levels are very high. They as well inhibit the creation of a hormone known as thyrotropin-secreting hormone . The hormone is made by hypothalamus and similarly it triggers the pituitary gland to produce TSH (Mariusz et al.).

Student’s Last Name 3 (5)Why is Maria’s TSH level low instead of high? She has very low TSH levels since she has hyperthyroidism. This condition is also referred to as overactive thyroid. Hyperthyroidism is as a result of her thyroid gland secreting very high hormone levels which in turn causes the pituitary gland to make less TSH levels. (6)If Maria had been diagnosed with hypothyroidism, what would happen to her levels of TSH and thyroid hormone? Maria could have high TSH levels if she had hypothyroidism, and the levels of her thyroid hormones could have been low. (7)A common treatment for Graves’ disease involves ingesting a dose of radioactive iodine, which slowly destroys the thyroid gland. Why are other tissues unaffected? Luckily, radioactive iodine treatment targets to treat the patient’s thyroid gland only. Thyroid cells are the only cells in the body that are able to take in iodine, therefore there could be a very minimal chance of exposing the rest of the cells to radiation (Terry and Hegedüs). This is the explanation as to why the rest of body tissues are left unaffected during the radioactive iodine therapy.

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Student’s Last Name 4 References Pitt-Rivers, Rosalind, and Jamshed R. Tata. The thyroid hormones . Elsevier, 2013. Smith, Terry J., and Laszlo Hegedüs. "Graves’ disease." New England Journal of Medicine 375.16 (2016): 1552-1565. Szkudlinski, Mariusz W., et al. "Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor structure-function relationships." Physiological reviews 82.2 (2002): 473-502.

Unit 5 Report

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