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Of all the cells that make up the human body, how many of them are actually bacterial? - ANS a little more than half Why the obsession over everyone's stools? Why is there so much research done on samples of humans' stools compared to other body parts? - ANS it is less invasive and gets at diet On average, about how many different bacterial species do you have in your gut right now? - ANS 160 About 6 hours after winning a raw oyster eating contest, you start experiencing nausea, vomiting, and watery diarrhea. Because you took Dr. Johnson's ENVS 1126 class, you immediately know that it's likely you have been infected with ___. - ANS vibrio parahaemolyticus I just collected an oyster from coastal Louisiana. What bacterium is most likely to be grown from the homogenized oyster tissue? - ANS vibrio parahaemolyticus Based on what you have learned in this class so far, what is the most likely purpose of the vibrioferrin pathogenicity factors? - ANS iron acquisition Over the years, there have been several vibrio outbreaks related to people eating raw oysters harvested from the same location, e.g., Galveston Bay. These are examples of __ - ANS common-source epidemics Why is cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae so rare in the U.S.? - ANS cholera is associated with lack of clean drinking water, which is not a problem in the U.S. There is a myth that it is dangerous to eat raw oysters in months that have the letter "R" in their names. This is because it is believed that vibrio levels are highest in those months. What environmental parameter is this myth based on? - ANS temperature What is the difference between Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp), Vibrio cholerae (Vc), and Vibrio vulnificus (Vv)? - ANS Vp infects more U.S. citizens than the other 2, Vc is found more in developing countries, and Vv is more of a blood-associated pathogen than the other 2 Why is Bacillus anthracis such a good weapon compared to other microbes we have studied? - ANS it forms spores that remain viable after dispersion

Which one of the following statements can be made about botox (botulinum toxin)? - ANS it is 19 million times more lethal than caffiene In class, you did 3 exchanges and discovered that a certain number of you had contracted the zombie virus. What would happen if we had continued doing to experiment 2 more times? How many of you would most likely have contracted the zombie virus? - ANS 32 Herpes gladiatorum is a disease caused by one of the many herpes viruses known to scientists. It is most prevalent in wrestlers, boxers, and other athletes. It spreads by direct contact from skin lesions on one wrestler to his/her opponent. The New Orleans Saints have had an outbreak of Herpes gladiatorum infection during their team practice sessions. Eight players have developed the disease (see table below), and as an epidemiologist you have investigated who they touched (including hand shakes, fist bumps, chest bumps, tackles, stretches, etc.) during practice and in what order they touched them. Who was most likely Patient Zero in this outbreak? - ANS Strief Why are we discussing deforestation in a lecture about emerging infectious diseases? - ANS because some infectious vectors are being exposed as a result of deforestation If you examine the rates of Zika infections in the U.S., the pattern forms a large latter U that goes from the New York coast south to the Texas coast and west to the California coast. Why? - ANS because that is where the Aedes aegypti are What do emerging infectious diseases have to do with old discarded tires? - ANS old tires accumulate water, which allows disease-carrying mosquitoes to breed Which statement regarding non-point pollution is NOT true? - ANS the best way to reduce non-point pollution is by treating the pollution at its source When measuring coliform bacterial levels in water, it is often necessary to filter it. Why? - ANS because the CFU/mL count is very low and thus a larger sample has to be collected to grow countable numbers of bacteria Under what conditions might antibiotic resistance be a detriment to a bacterium instead of a benefit? - ANS where the resistance mechanism incurs an evolutionary fitness cost What is the predominant use of antibiotics in the United States? - ANS Agricultural

Genetic recombination involving insertion sequences most likely results in what type of mutation? - ANS frameshift mutation Consider a mutation in which the change is from UAC to UAU. Both codons specify the amino acid tyrosine. Which type of point mutation is this? - ANS silent mutation Which one of the following describes BOTH a mechanism of antibiotic resistance AND a reason why it is potentially detrimental to the bacterium? Choose the best answer. - ANS A non-synonymous point mutation that renders the antibiotic target unrecognizable by the antibiotic could be detrimental because it changes the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded The partial sequence for an E. coli polymerase gene is 5'-ATG TGC CAT GAG TTT ATC-3'. Unfortunately, this E. coli sample has been exposed to radioactivity and has therefore developed mutations in this gene. Which one of the following sequences would be the most devastating result for the E. coli? All mutations are indicated by a lower-case letter. You need the amino acid table. - ANS 5'- AgG TGC CAT tAG TTT ATC-3' Based on MLST comparison of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Bacillus cereus (Bc), and Bacillus anthracis (Ba), which one of the following can be concluded? - ANS Bt is more similar to Bc, and they are both less similar to Ba ___ is the process of taking a gene from one organism and placing it into another organism that did not originally contain that gene. It is often used to generate GMO's and pharma-crops. - ANS genetic engineering Which one of the following plant pathogens is most likely to contain a gene that encodes for reverse transcriptase? - ANS Tobacco Mosaic Virus Jason is studying soil that he collected from the LSU quad. He is surprised to find that it is not made up completely of rocks. What is his soil sample most likely dominated by? - ANS air and water What is the rhizosphere? - ANS the microenvironment immediately surrounding a plant's roots Why is it so important to rotate crops? - ANS because legumes have nitrogen-fixing bacteria on their roots

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Why is it so important for plants to have bacteria on their roots? - ANS because some bacteria help fix nitrogen Mycorrhiae are a symbiotic mutualistic relationship between roots and fungi. How does this relationship benefit the roots, and how does it benefit the fungi? - ANS the roots get inorganic nutrients from the soil held in place by the fungi, and the fungi feed off the sugars released by the roots Your sister is a farmer. She is looking to purchase soil that has already been excavated (dug up) and characterized. She is given a choice of 4 different sources, each one from a different horizon. Which one should she choose and why? - ANS Soil from the A horizon because it is dark and loaded with organic matter Symptoms or manifestations for which one fo the following plant pathogens are you most likely to see if you walk around the LSU campus? - ANS Agrobacterium tumefaciens What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic? - ANS An epidemic is a sudden increase in infectious diseases in a large number of people in a population, and a pandemic is when this increase occurs on a global scale Each week, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the CDC) publish the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report to document the infectious diseases to epidemiologists, physicians, scientists, and others. Why might they report on morbidity and mortality separately instead of just cases in general? - ANS because although morbidity is pathology or symptoms from disease it gives no information on death from the disease

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