20221017065517_634cfc5524e44_c785_biochem

2/38 BIOCHEM C785 PRE-ASSESSMENT: BIOCHEMISTRY PJEO 5' - UAU GCC CUA CGA - 3' 5' - AUC CAG UAA AAG - 3' 5' - GUC UGA CAC CGG - 3' 2.

5/38 BIOCHEM C785 PRE-ASSESSMENT: BIOCHEMISTRY PJEO YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER 5’ – CGG ATG TCG TTA – 3’ 4. Assuming 100% reaction efficiency, how many DNA copies are created after the completion of four complete PCR cycles? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER 24 16 8 4 5. What is the function of DNA polymerase in the process of PCR? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER It separates the two DNA strands so that replication may occur. It recognizes the primers and uses the available dNTPs to replicate the template DNA sequence. It synthesizes primers and uses the available dNTPs to replicate the template DNA sequence. It links the products of PCR together to generate a complete strand. 6.

8/38 BIOCHEM C785 PRE-ASSESSMENT: BIOCHEMISTRY PJEO AB and O

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 10/38

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 13/38 The DNA bases are chemically modiked with methyl groups. The nucleosomes become more widely spaced. Transcription factors have less access to the promoter region. RNA polymerase cannot bind better to the terminator region. 12. Mice with low levels of agouti gene expression tend to have yellow fur and are obese, while mice with higher levels of expression are brown and of normal weight. Studies show that expression of the agouti gene in mice can be controlled by epigenetics. What scenario describes epigenetic regulation of the agouti gene? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Mother mice fed methyl-rich diets during pregnancy give birth to offspring with decreased agouti gene expression compared to those fed a methyl-poor diet. Mice with one allele in the agouti gene produce more agouti protein compared to mice with a different allele. A mother mouse exposed to radiation acquires a mutation in the agouti gene that makes a defective agouti protein in her offspring. A mouse that acquires a spontaneous mutation in a transcription factor is able to more easily activate the agouti gene than mice without the mutation. 13. Oxidative damage to DNA can often result in the alteration of a single nucleotide. Which DNA repair mechanism would repair this type of damage? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Base excision repair DNA photolyase repair

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 16/38 18. When placed within a polypeptide chain, which amino acid would interact most favorably with nonpolar amino acids? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 19/38 21. A commonly used technique for protein denaturation is adding an acid or a base to dramatically change the pH. Which force is most impacted by this change in pH? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Hydrophobic interactions Ionic bonds Peptide bonds Disulkde bonds 22. An active elderly patient is becoming frequently disoriented, having trouble recalling her daily routine, and becoming aggravated easily. She forgets words and places and has difficulty recognizing her children. Which biochemical event is responsible for this patient’s behavior? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Glycogen depletion Protein aggregation Carbohydrate catabolism Oxygen deprivation 23. In which situation would altering a protein structure lead to a disease state? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER A mutation in calcium phosphate results in weak bones

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3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 20/38 YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER A mutation in glycogen results in increased blood sugar levels A mutation in a triglyceride results in obesity A mutation in aconitase blocks an essential step in aerobic metabolism 24. Reference the amino acid chart below to answer the question. How can an alteration in protein structure lead to a disease state? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER A mutation replaces an isoleucine with an aspartic acid in a transcription factor protein, which blocks the normal folding of the protein and its function in the expression of certain genes. A valine is mutated to a leucine on a membrane channel protein, which disrupts a hydrogen bond and blocks transport of a nutrient into cells. A mutation replaces a cysteine with a methionine in an antibody protein, which disrupts a critical ionic bond and results in immunodekciency. A glutamic acid is mutated to a proline in the active site of an enzyme, which results in the loss of a critical disulkde bond needed for catalysis and blocks a step in metabolism.

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 21/38 25. Which structural level is impacted by denaturing a protein containing a single polypeptide? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary 26. Frying an egg changes the egg white from a clear liquid to an opaque solid. Which molecular change in the albumin protein causes this change in appearance? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Hydrophobic interactions form between denatured egg white proteins. A change in the pH of the egg white causes the proteins to turn white. The thiol groups in the egg white proteins are cross linked by disulkde bonds. The ionic bonds of the egg white proteins are disrupted. 27. What is the driving mechanism of plaque formation in prion diseases? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER An increase in the local pH in the brain tissue Propagation of misfolding from one protein to another A decrease in hydration in the brain tissue

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 22/38 Genetic mutation that affects protein expression 28. Which feature of a protein made of a single polypeptide chain is most directly responsible for its function? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Complete lack of mutations Quaternary conformation Primary sequence Three-dimensional structure 29. How does the Bohr effect describe the relationship between carbon dioxide levels, blood pH and the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER An increase in carbon dioxide production leads to a decrease in blood pH, causing hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily. An increase in carbon dioxide production leads to an increase in blood pH, causing hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily. A decrease in carbon dioxide production leads to a decrease in blood pH, causing hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily. A decrease in carbon dioxide production leads to an increase in blood pH, causing hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily. 30. Which statement describes the binding of oxygen gas to a heme group?

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 23/38 The binding of oxygen gas to heme changes the structure of the heme group. Oxygen gas binds to heme with greater afknity than other gas molecules. Oxygen gas binds directly to the four porphyrin nitrogen atoms in the heme group. Up to four oxygen gas molecules can bind to each heme group. 31. Which characteristic of myoglobin makes it an effective oxygen storage molecule? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER It can bind up to four oxygen molecules. It releases oxygen more readily than hemoglobin. It has a high afknity for oxygen. It is unaffected by oxygen concentration. 32. At low O 2 concentrations, how does myoglobin’s affinity for O 2 relate to hemoglobin’s affinity for O 2 ? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Myoglobin has a much greater afknity for O 2 than hemoglobin does. Myoglobin has a much lower afknity for O 2 than hemoglobin does. Myoglobin has a slightly greater afknity for O 2 than hemoglobin does. Myoglobin has a slightly lower afknity for O 2 than hemoglobin does. 33.

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 24/38 Which pair of binding curves accurately compares how hemoglobin and myoglobin become saturated with oxygen as a function of the partial pressure of oxygen? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 25/38 34. How does pH level promote the deoxygenated conformation of hemoglobin? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER When pH lowers, excess H + binds to negatively charged side chains on hemoglobin and changes ionic bonds between subunits to favor the T-state When pH rises, excess HCO 3 - binds to a positively charged side chain on hemoglobin and breaks the hydrogen bond that holds the iron atom in the plane of the heme group.

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 26/38 When pH lowers, O 2 binds with excess HCO 3 - in the blood, which blocks its ability to bind to the heme group and pull it into the dome conformation. When pH rises, excess H + binds to polar side chains on hemoglobin and makes them turn towards the hydrophobic surfaces between subunits to favor the T- state. 35. What is occurring in surrounding tissues as the amount of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen increases? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER The amount of carbon dioxide decreases. The pH decreases. The concentration of hydrogen ions increases. The pH becomes more acidic. 36. What is feedback inhibition? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Reversible, noncompetitive inhibition of an enzyme in a pathway by a product of that pathway Competitive inhibition which occurs when a high level of the inhibitor is present Reversible inhibition of the substrate by the product of the reaction Irreversible inhibition of an enzyme by another enzyme in the same pathway 37. Which form of enzyme regulation is likely to be used by an organism to control the catalytic activity of its enzymes as it adapts to changes in available nutrients?

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 27/38 Competitive inhibition of the enzyme Denaturation of the enzyme Feedback inhibition Disulkde bond formation in the enzyme active site 38. How does heating beyond optimum temperature inactivate enzymes? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER By breaking the covalent bonds in the primary structure By adding phosphate groups to the enzyme By inducing the removal of amino acids By changing the enzyme's three-dimensional shape 39. What occurs in enzymes during the phenomenon of induced fit? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER An inhibitor binds to the enzyme’s active site. Substrate binding causes a conformational change. Binding of cofactors or coenzymes facilitates enzyme function. Stereospecikcity of substrate binding is reversed. 40. Which portion of the enzyme does the substrate bind to?

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report Y OUR A NSWER COR R ECT A N SWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 28/38 Active site Catalytic site Allosteric site Restriction site 41. Based on the provided enzyme pathway below, what would occur as a result of a defect in the enzyme which catalyzes the D → E reaction? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER The amount of C would increase. The amount of B would decrease. The activity of the enzyme which catalyzes the A → B reaction would increase. The activity of the enzyme which catalyzes the B → C reaction would decrease.

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 29/38 42. Which type of inhibition occurs when a particular drug binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme and subsequently changes the enzyme’s structure? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Competitive Noncompetitive Uncompetitive Irreversible 43. A particular enzyme acts on the succinate substrate and is inhibited by malonate. Which type of inhibition is expected based on the following structures?

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 30/38 Noncompetitive Competitive Allosteric Feedback control 44. What occurs immediately after the appropriate molecule enters the active site of an enzyme? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER The enzyme binds the molecule to form an enzyme-molecule complex. The enzyme releases the newly formed products. The enzyme modikes the molecule to form a new molecule. The enzyme is permanently altered by the binding. 45. Which type of inhibition is depicted in the following reaction scheme?

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 31/38 Competitive Irreversible Successive Feedback inhibition 46. Which type of inhibition is depicted in the following figure? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Noncompetitive Competitive Covalent modikcation Feedback 47. How is energy provided for ATP production during the final stage of aerobic metabolism?

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 32/38 Protons diffuse through a transmembrane protein. GTP from the citric acid cycle undergoes oxidative phosphorylation. NADH from glycolysis is passed down the electron transport chain. Electrons are pumped across the mitochondrial membrane. 48. How does insulin impact carbohydrate metabolism? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER It causes a decrease in glycogenesis. It stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood by cells in the body. It stimulates the production of glucose via gluconeogenesis. It activates amino acid breakdown for energy. 49. How does insulin reduce blood glucose levels? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER It increases the translocation of GluT4 transporters to the cell membrane. It inhibits substrate-level phosphorylation. It decreases the amount of cholesterol in the cell membrane to increase permeability. It stimulates the release of non-carbohydrate metabolites from the cell. 50.

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 33/38 Approximately how many ATP molecules can be produced from a single molecule of glucose during aerobic metabolism? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER 4 16 30 120 51. Which cellular condition prompts the cell to perform fermentation rather than the citric acid cycle? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Lack of NADH Lack of O 2 Excess pyruvate Excess citric acid 52. What causes the symptoms of noninsulin-dependent (Type 2) diabetes? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Insulin does not bind the insulin receptor. There are not enough GluT4 transporters on plasma membranes. Glycolysis is inhibited. Pyruvate cannot be converted into fatty acids.

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 34/38 53. How many molecules of acetyl-CoA will the following fatty acid produce? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER 16 8 4 2 54. Which metabolic pathway involves coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Beta oxidation Electron transport chain Glycolysis Fermentation 55. Which molecule is pyruvate directly converted to under aerobic conditions? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Glucose

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 35/38 Acetyl-CoA ATP Lactate 56. How many molecules of lactate are required to produce one molecule of glucose? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER 1 2 3 6 57. What is the role of oxygen in aerobic metabolism? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER It acts as the knal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain It facilitates the production of CO 2 during the citric acid cycle. It reacts with water during the production of ATP. It activates acetyl-CoA during the krst step of the citric acid cycle. 58. Which pathway is triggered by increased levels of epinephrine and provides a quick increase in available glucose?

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 36/38 Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis 59. Which type of molecule can be used in gluconeogenesis? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Amino acid Vitamin Fatty acid Nucleotide 60. Which molecule acts as the primary signal for glycogen breakdown? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Glucagon Insulin NAD+ ATP 61. What is a possible chemical formula for a monounsaturated fatty acid?

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 37/38 C 8 H 14 O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 C 8 H 10 COOH C 6 H 10 O 4 COOH 62. Which carbon atom is the omega-carbon in the following fatty acid? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER 1 2 3 4 63. Which molecule represents the structural formula CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 CH = CH(CH 2 ) 4 COOH? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 38/38 64. What is the correct chemical formula of the following fatty acid?

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER https://my.wgu.edu/coaching-report/preassessment-report/v1/studentPidm/853371/assessmentCode/PJEO/testDate/1564556100 39/38 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 CH = CH(CH 2 ) 4 COOH CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 CH = CH(CH 2 ) 2 COOH CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH = CH(CH 2 )COOH CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CH = CH(CH 2 ) 6 COOH 65. What is the function of the class of lipids known as eicosanoids? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER They act as signaling molecules. They form a structural component of the lipid bilayer. They are energy storage molecules. They aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. 66. What is a glycolipid? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER A polymer of monosaccharides covalently attached to a membrane lipid. A type of lipid used as a signaling molecule. An intermediate molecule in the production of ATP from stored triglycerides. A precursor molecule used in the production of hormones. 67. Which component of red blood cells determines blood type in the ABO blood group system?

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report Y OUR ANS WER C ORRE C T ANSWER 40/38 Transmembrane protein channels Glycolipids and glycoproteins Cholesterol percent abundances LDL-to-HDL ratios 68. Which vitamin is not absorbed by phospholipid micelles? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E 69. Which event is stimulated by release of glucagon into the blood? YOUR ANSWER CORRECT ANSWER Increase in lipolysis of triglycerides Increase in fatty acid synthesis Decrease in glycogen breakdown Decrease in ketone body production 70. What occurs in an otherwise healthy person whose diet has very few carbohydrates and high levels of fats?

3/27/2020 WGU Student Portal | Coaching Report Y OUR ANS WER C ORRE C T ANSWER 41/38 Acetone is produced in the blood. Lactate is produced in the liver. Glycogen is broken down in the brain. Proteins are broken down in fat cells. Accessibility Policy Accessibility Settings

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