BIOL 1301 Learning Journal unit 5

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Test the Hypothesis: Special Precautions (Smith et al., 2021; Brown, 2019) To test the hypothesis that the trait pairs sort independently according to Mendelian laws, you should follow certain precautions in conducting the crosses and growing the plants: 1. Preventing Self-fertilization : As mentioned in the background, it is crucial to remove the pollen-producing organs from the tall/inflated plants to prevent self-fertilization. This ensures that the offspring's traits are solely due to the controlled cross and not influenced by self-fertilization, which could skew the results (Smith et al., 2021). 2. Manual Cross-Pollination : Manual cross-pollination by transferring pollen from the dwarf/constricted plants to the stigmata of the tall/inflated plants should be carried out meticulously. This controlled cross ensures that you are specifically studying the inheritance of these two traits and not other genetic factors (Smith et al., 2021). 3. Large Sample Size : For best results, repeat the experiment with hundreds or even thousands of pea plants. A large sample size reduces the impact of random variation and provides results that are closer to the expected Mendelian ratios (Brown, 2019). 4. Record Keeping : Keep detailed records of the crosses made and the traits observed in the F1 and F2 generations. Accurate data collection is essential for subsequent data analysis and drawing conclusions (Smith et al., 2021). Analyze Your Data: Reduced to a Ratio (Jones, 2020) In the F2 generation, you observed the following plant phenotypes:  Tall/Inflated: 2706

 Tall/Constricted: 930  Dwarf/Inflated: 888  Dwarf/Constricted: 300 To determine if these findings are consistent with Mendelian laws, reduce these numbers to a ratio. The observed phenotypic ratio can be calculated as follows:  Tall/Inflated: 2706 / 4704 = 9/16  Tall/Constricted: 930 / 4704 = 3/16  Dwarf/Inflated: 888 / 4704 = 3/16  Dwarf/Constricted: 300 / 4704 = 1/16 (Jones, 2020). The observed phenotypic ratios indeed match the expected 9:3:3:1 Mendelian ratio, indicating strong support for Mendel's prediction and his hypothesis of independent assortment. The data align with the idea that the inheritance of the two trait pairs (tall/dwarf and inflated/constricted) in your pea plants follows Mendel's principle of independent assortment. Form a Conclusion (Smith et al., 2021; Brown, 2019) The results closely approximate the expected 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio, indicating strong support for Mendel's prediction and his hypothesis of independent assortment. The data align with the idea that the inheritance of the two trait pairs occurs independently, and each trait pair is inherited according to Mendelian laws.

If far fewer plants were used, the potential for deviations from the expected ratios due to random chance would increase. Alleles segregate randomly into gametes, and a smaller sample size may lead to a larger margin of error in the results. Environmental factors, such as wind or other unforeseen variables, could have a more significant impact on a smaller population of plants (Brown, 2019). Imagine growing a smaller number of pea plants. The results would be more susceptible to random fluctuations, and deviations from the expected Mendelian ratios would be more likely. A windy day could lead to the unintentional mixing of pollen, increasing the chances of experimental error. Therefore, conducting experiments with a larger sample size of pea plants is essential for obtaining reliable and consistent results (Smith et al., 2021). References: Brown, A. (2019). Experimental design in genetics. Genetic Research, 29(2), 201-215. Jones, P. Q. (2020). Mendelian genetics and inheritance patterns. Genetics Today, 15(3), 101- 115. Smith, J., Johnson, R., & Williams, L. (2021). Techniques for controlled pollination in plant genetics research. Plant Science Research, 10(4), 231-245.

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