Exam 1 Practice Exam #1 - Fall 2023

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Exam 1 Practice Exam #1 Fall 2023 1 1. During high-intensity muscle fatigue, an individual experiences which of the following in their muscle cells? (A) A decrease in Mg 2+ which inhibits calcium release from the SR (B) Decreased force production due to the accumulation of H + (C) Increased buildup of P i , which binds to calcium, making it unavailable for troponin (D) Loss of glucose for energy to make ATP (E) Depressed force due to degradation of titin 2. You are studying a neuron in an alien species. The extracellular fluid of this alien contains high amounts of K + and Cl - and you determine there are far more chloride leak channels than potassium leak channels. Assuming these are the only 2 ions with leak channels on these neurons, what can you confidently say about resting membrane potential? (A) Resting potential is primarily dependent on potassium. (B) Resting potential will probably be negative since the most permeable ion is chloride (C) Resting potential will probably be positive since the most permeable ion is potassium (D) Resting potential will be around zero since there are high amounts of chloride and potassium in the extracellular environment (E) Resting potential is independent of the leak channels, so nothing can be concluded 3. In gestational diabetes, the fetus… (A) Also becomes diabetic since mom is (B) Is generally unharmed because mom’s insulin takes care of them (C) Is protected from diabetes since gestational diabetes refers to the mom (D) Overproduces insulin in response (E) Goes into diabetic ketoacidosis if left untreated 4. In the cross-bridge cycle, the hydrolysis of ATP (ATP → ADP + Pi) (A) Breaks the actin-myosin cross bridge (B) Ensures that the cross bridge does not go into rigor mortis (C) Is the power stroke (D) Is the rate limiting step (E) Creates a strong affinity of troponin for calcium 5. Which hormone discussed does NOT engage in a negative feedback loop on a regular basis? (A) Thyroid hormone (B) Cortisol (C) Insulin (D) ADH (E) Oxytocin

Exam 1 Practice Exam #1 Fall 2023 2 For the next 3 questions, please refer to the length-tension relationship of a skeletal muscle fiber depicted below. 6. The x-coordinate at darkest shaded section in the figure above (rectangular shaded in the center, between 2.1 and 2.2um on the x-axis) is… (A) Peak velocity (B) When the muscle fiber has its highest calcium sensitivity (C) Maximum passive tension (D) Only an occurrence when calcium is bound to troponin (E) Optimal length, or L o 7. Pat constructed a force-calcium curve while a muscle fiber was positioned such as (b) in the figure. Later that day, Pat adjusted the muscle fiber to position (d) in the figure. Given that Pat was activating the fiber both times, what did they observe? (A) Passive force was higher when the fiber was positioned at (d) (B) Active force was higher when the fiber was positioned at (d) (C) There was greater actin-myosin overlap in the fiber at (d) (D) Velocity was higher when the fiber was positioned at (b) (E) All of the above would have been the case. 8. At which point on the graph above would the role of titin NOT be observed? (A) A only (B) A, B and C (C) A, B, C and D (D) C, D and E (E) D and E 9. The synapses in the brain that are targeted by benzodiazepines are inhibitory synapses. (A) True (B) False

Exam 1 Practice Exam #1 Fall 2023 3 10. Consider a mutation where the bipolar cells in the retina were all off-center cells. What would be the consequence of this? (A) The ionotropic receptor on the off center bipolar cells would never open (B) Ganglion cells would not be stimulated in the light (C) Ganglion cells would not be stimulated in the dark (D) Photoreceptor cells would release more glutamate than normal (E) Photoreceptor cells would not release glutamate in the dark 11. In the release of thyroid hormone… (A) The thyroid gland is stimulated by TSH (B) T3 and T4 directly increase the synthesis of epinephrine and norepinephrine (C) Glucose is more effectively absorbed by the digestive system (D) A and C (E) A, B and C 12. After using vecuronium in surgery, reversal drugs are often used to help wake the patient up and re-stimulate the neuromuscular junctions. One such reversal drug is neostigmine, which has a similar mechanism of action of organophosphates. This means that neostigmine… (A) Acts as an ACh agonst (B) Acts as an Ach antagonist (C) Acts as a beta-receptor agonist (D) Acts by inhibiting AChE (E) Acts by enhancing the action of AChE 13. The posterior pituitary gland… (A) Releases 1 peptide and 1 steroid hormone (B) Synthesizes and stores its own hormones (C) Is influenced by the hormones in the anterior pituitary (D) Regulates the production of hormones that stimulate the thyroid (E) Would be actively releasing hormone in a state of dehydration 14. A neuron you are studying in the lab is firing more than you expect it to (is too excitable). You check your solutions that the neuron is bathed in (extracellular fluid) and find out this behavior is not surprising because you… (assume normal channel distr ibution) (A) Made solution with too much extracellular potassium (B) Made solution with too little extracellular potassium (C) Made solution with too little extracellular sodium (D) Made solution with too much extracellular sodium (E) Made solution with too little extracellular calcium 15. You have to urinate (pee) (did I need to define that?) (You never know) and you are holding in your pee right now because Nelson says no bathroom breaks. The smooth muscle cells lining your bladder are relaxed to accommodate this tremendous volume of urine. What would you observe in those cells? (A) High levels of myosin light chain kinase (B) High levels of myosin light chain phosphatase (C) Activated calmodulin because it is bound to calcium (D) Spontaneous action potential firing (E) Tropomyosin covering the actin binding sites on myosin

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Exam 1 Practice Exam #1 Fall 2023 4 16. A type I muscle fiber produces a force of 100g when maximally activated. How would the force of a type II muscle fiber (of similar size) compare? (A) It would be higher than 100g (B) It would be lower than 100g (C) It would be about 100g For the next 3 questions, refer to the 3 action potentials (A, B, C) on the left. Assume action potential “A” is what you would see under normal, control conditions. 17. Which action potential would be observed in a state of hypokalemia? (Given that A is the normal one) (A) Don’t pick A (B) B (C) C 18. You did not have a choice of “none of the above” for the previous question, but maybe you wanted to pick it because there’s something else observed in hypokalemia not shown here. What is it? (A) Action potential spike height should be higher (B) Action potential spike height should be lower (C) Action potential duration should be longer (D) Action potential duration should be shorter 19. Suppose you are trying to create action potential C without changing any intra- or extracellular solutions. How could you do this? (A) Add more sodium leak channels (B) Add more potassium leak channels (C) Reduce the number of Na/K pumps in half (D) Add more voltage gated sodium channels (E) Add more voltage gated potassium channels 20. Cardiac muscle contraction requires calcium from where? (A) The extracellular environment only (B) The SR only (C) The extracellular environment and the SR (D) Either SR or extracellular Ca2+; It depends on the strength of the stimulus (E) None of these 21. Insulin… (A) Lowers blood glucose by promoting more cellular respiration (B) Lowers blood glucose by promoting more glucose transport into cells (C) Lowers blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis (D) Lowers blood glucose by activating the fight or flight response (E) Two of these are true

Exam 1 Practice Exam #1 Fall 2023 5 22. With respect to its actions on proteins, which hormone or hormones will promote the breakdown of protein when it is in high concentrations in the blood? (A) Thyroid hormone and cortisol (B) Thyroid hormone and growth hormone (C) Cortisol and growth hormone (D) Cortisol only (E) Thyroid hormone only For the next 4 questions, please refer to the diagram of the cross-bridge cycle. Steps are labeled as they were discussed in class. 23. In which step or steps would ADP and Pi be bound to myosin (assume skeletal muscle)? (A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3 (C) 3 and 4 (D) 1 and 4 (E) None, ADP and Pi bind to actin 24. If I wanted to show the DHP receptor, would I be able to on this diagram? (A) Yes (B) No 25. The rate of cross-bridge cycling is primarily determined by ______________ and a faster rate of cycling could be easily seen on which curve? (A) The transition of step 3 to step 4 ; force-velocity (B) The transition of step 3 to step 4 ; force-frequency (C) The transition of step 4 to step 1 ; force-frequency (D) The transition of step 4 to step 1 ; length-tension (E) The transition of step 4 to step 1; force-velocity 26. Suppose the 4 steps above were taking place in actively contracting smooth muscle. You would observe…. (A) An extra phosphate on the myosin in steps 3 and 4 (B) An extra phosphate on the myosin in steps 2, 3 and 4 (C) An extra phosphate on the actin in steps 3 and 4 (D) An extra phosphate on the actin in steps 2, 3 and 4 (E) An extra phosphate on the myosin in steps 1, 2, 3 and 4 27. In phototransduction, guanylyl cyclase actively makes cGMP only when stimulated by a photon of light in a rod cell. (A) True (B) False

Exam 1 Practice Exam #1 Fall 2023 6 28. Calcium is maintained in homeostatic concentrations primarily by _____________, which raises blood calcium by _____________. (A) Parathyroid hormone ; decreasing intestinal absorption of calcium (B) Parathyroid hormone ; promoting osteoblast activity (C) Calcitonin ; increasing intestinal absorption of calcium (D) Calcitonin ; promoting osteoblast activity (E) Parathyroid hormone ; increasing intestinal absorption of calcium 29. Which hormone does NOT serve to increase circulating blood glucose? (A) Cortisol (B) Glucagon (C) Thyroid hormone (D) Growth hormone (E) None of these (i.e. ALL serve to increase blood glucose) 30. In the transduction of sound in the ear, the original stimulus (the sound wave) acts as a ligand and activates… (A) An ionotropic receptor that mediates an inhibitory response (B) A metabotropic receptor that mediates an excitatory response (C) An ionotropic receptor that mediates an excitatory response (D) A metabotropic receptor that mediates an inhibitory response (E) An ionotropic receptor that mediates an action potential 31. Opioids target which of the 3 neurons discussed in class at the dopaminergic synapse? In doing so, is it true that opioids over-excite the pre and post-synaptic cell? (A) The pre-synaptic neuron ; Yes, it’s true (B) The post-synaptic neuron ; Yes, it’s true (C) The modulatory interneuron ; Yes, it’s true (D) The pre- synaptic neuron ; No, it’s false (E) The modulatory interneuron; No, it’s false 32. A hormone travels in the blood with a binding protein. This hormone could be… (A) Thyroid hormone (B) Oxytocin (C) Aldosterone (D) Norepinephrine (E) A and C 33. Analogs to incretins like GLP-1 have been used as drugs for diabetics. Which of the following is true regarding GLP-1 and the role of other incretins? (A) GLP-1 stimulates insulin release before blood glucose rises (B) GLP-1 would likely help an individual with type I diabetes (C) GLP- 1 amplifies the body’s insulin response to a meal (D) A and C (E) A, B and C 34. Sarcopenia is characterized by the age-related loss of what in particular? (A) Type I fibers (B) Type II fibers (C) Titin

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Exam 1 Practice Exam #1 Fall 2023 7 35. Suppose the calcium ATPase pumps were to work twice as fast as normal during relaxation in skeletal muscle. What would be the result of this? (A) A faster rate of rise of the calcium transient (B) A faster decline in the calcium transient (C) Inadequate calcium release from the RyR (D) Action potential frequency firing to reach tetanus would be lower (E) AChE would also work faster 36. A friend of yours was recently diagnosed with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and began treatment with levothyroxine (a synthetic form of T 4 ). After a few months on this prescription, the next blood test shows undetectable levels of TSH. What would be a correct interpretation of this blood test? (A) The levothyroxine is working and your friend should continue taking as they are (B) The levothyroxine dose is too low and needs to be increased so an effect can be seen (C) The levothyroxine dose is too high and your friend is now showing signs of hyperthyroidism – dosage needs to be adjusted lower (D) The levothyroxine needs longer than a few months to work, so these levels are not indicative of how the drug is working (E) The levothyroxine must be attacking the thyroid gland if no TSH is detected 37. This hormone works permissively with epinephrine and norepinephrine to maintain blood pressure homeostasis. (A) Thyroid hormone (B) Cortisol (C) Growth hormone (D) Insulin (E) Glucagon 38. Untreated diabetes results in acidosis due to… (A) Breakdown of fatty acids, producing ketones (B) Increased blood glucose which is acidic by nature (C) Increased levels of glycogenolysis, which release H+ as a waste product (D) High insulin levels that result in too much water ending up in urine (E) Increased blood glucose which decreases blood osmolarity 39. A negatively charged ion flows through an ionotropic receptor and results in an inhibitory response in a post-synaptic cell. What could you say about this ion? (A) It flows out of the cell (B) It is found in high concentrations inside the cell (C) It is found in high concentrations outside the cell (D) It has a large number of leak channels (E) Two of these are true 40. At a haunted house you plan to attend next weekend, it will be pitch dark. How will your rod cells be behaving in this scary environment? (A) They’ll be shut off, hyperpolarized, due to no light input , releasing no glutamate (B) They’ll be slightly depolarized due to efflux of potassium , releasing glutamate (C) They’ll be shut off, hyperpolarized, but spontaneously firing and releasing glutamate (D) They’ll be slightly depolarized due to influx of Na+/Ca2+, releasing glutamate (E) They’ll be slightly depolarized due to the bipolar cells, releasing glutamate

Exam 1 Practice Exam #1 Fall 2023 8 Key 1 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. E 6. E 7. A 8. A 9. A 10. B 11. D 12. D 13. E 14. A 15. B 16. C 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. C 21. B 22. A 23. A 24. B 25. E 26. E 27. B 28. E 29. A and E 30. C 31. C 32. E 33. D 34. B 35. B 36. C 37. B 38. A 39. C 40. D

Exam 1 Practice Exam #1 - Fall 2023

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