UNIT 3 EXAM MICROBIO

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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100

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Biology

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Nov 24, 2024

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What are the 6 classifications of plasmids? 1. F plasmids(fertility factors) direct synthesis of proteins that self-assemble into conjugationpili. 2. Resistance (R) plasmids carry genes that provide resistance to various antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and tetracycline and to heavy metals such as arsenic and mercury. 3. Other plasmids direct the synthesis of bacteriocidal (bacteria-killing) proteins called bacteriocins. 4. Virulence plasmids, such as those in Salmonella, or the neurotoxin genes carried on plasmids in Clostridium tetani, cause disease signs and symptoms. 5. Tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmids can cause tumor formation in plants. 6. Some plasmids contain genes for catabolic enzymes. Generally, plasmids carry genes that code for functions not essential for cell growth; the chromosome carries the genes that code for essential functions. What are Koch's Postulates? What are their Implications? 1. Specific causative agent must be observed 2. The agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3. Hosts must get the same disease when inoculated. 4. The agent must be re-isolated and shown to be the same causative agent. They find out the cause and effect relationship between microbes and sickness. What is the structure of HIV? - 2 Identical + sense RNA strands and reverse transcriptase. - Has an envelope and spikes. How many faces and corners does an icosahedral capsid have? - 20 faces - 12 corners

How is Baltimore's viral taxonomy system different than that of ICTV? Baltimore's system suggests to classify virus's based on their type of genome and the method they use to synthesize viral mRNA. When does DNA replication occur? Before a cell divides How does influenza virus replicate? Being a -sense ssRNA it must inject itself and RdRp enzyme to make a + sense RNA that can be read by the host cell. How can lateral gene transfer occur by a transposon? By attaching itself to the DNA of its host before replication of the DNA which will then replicate the transposon itself and be passed down to the daughter cells. How are living things categorized on the "Family Tree"? By comparing genomes, more specifically the housekeeping genes. Chromosomes are typically ____ in prokaryotes and ____ in eukaryotes. Circular, Linear What is the cellular target of ciprofloxacin? DNA Gyrase, causing DNA to get unwound and out of control. A double layer of lipid surrounding the viral capsid. Not all viruses have this, what is it called? And what is a virus known as if it doesn't have this? Envelope, naked

Varicellovirus -- What part of a taxa is this and how can you tell? Genus, due to the use of ...virus at the end of the word. What are the three shapes of capsids? Helical, Icosahedral, Complex What is one thing that prokaryotic genomes lack, that eukaryotic genomes have? It's a protein. Histones What are the 3 criteria for virus taxonomic criteria? Host organism Particle morphology Genome structure What is the target of the antibiotic Cefixime? Inhibits cell wall synthesis. What is the cellular target of erythromycin? Inhibits protein synthesis by jamming up ribosomes with tRNA that can't detach. What is the cellular target of augmentin? Inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan layer, making it especially deadly to gram + bacteria How does HIV replicate? - Injects 2x + sense RNA strands and enzyme reverse transcriptase into host cell. - Enzyme then turns the + sense RNA into DNA which migrates to nucleus. - From nucleus DNA combines with the host cells DNA. How do viruses reproduce? Invade cells and force them to make copies

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How does herpes virus replicate? Is dsDNA so enters directly into nucleus. Early transcription is done to make "early proteins" that are used to take over the machinery in current cell and turn on transcription factors that allow use of "late protein" genes that will be used to encapsulate future virion. What is so special about a retrovirus? Why is it different than the other RNA viruses? It is a provirus, meaning that it will permanently insert itself into the hosts genome. The supercoiled chromosomes have small protruding loops called ____, that are held down and in place by _____. Looped Domains, Loop Anchor Viruses are not .... Metabolic, Reproductive, Cellular, Alive What do most oncogenic viruses have in common? - Most have dsDNA. - They integrate into the hosts genome What type of agar is used in the Kirby Bauer Assay? Mueller-Hinton Agar During an infection of a virus with this type of nucleic acid they must go through the transcription process first by injecting their own enzyme to catalyze the process. What is this called, and what is the enzyme called? Negative Sense RNA, RNA Dependant RNA Polymerase

What are viruses made up of? Nucleic acids and proteins; no cell membrane; no ribosomes Picornovirales -- What part of a taxa is this and how can you tell? Order, due to the use of ...virales at the end of the word. Starting at order how is the ICTV current taxa structured? *Orders ...virales *Family ...viridae *Genus ...virus *Species - common name What is the cellular target of Amoxicillin? Peptidoglycan Which "thing" in the prokaryotic cell is able to be transferred between cells, and how? Plasmids, through horizontal gene transfer. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes? Prokaryotic -- Consists of one or more molecules of circular or linear DNA. Only chromosome and plasmids, no histones. And HAPLOID Eukaryotic -- Consists of DNA, and chromatin formed with histone proteins. and MAY BE HAPLOID OR DIPLOID. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes when it comes to gene location? Prokaryotic -- Genes for metabolic pathways are contiguous. Eukaryotic -- Genes are separated, possibly on different chromosomes even!

Phase of infection where vague generalized symptoms begin to show? Prodromal Phase Where is DNA stored in a prokaryotic cell, what about a eukaryotic? Prokaryotic -- Nucleoid Eukaryotic -- Nucleus What are the 5 steps to viral replication? Recognition: Specific recognition and attachment of virus to host cell via "spikes" Delivery: genome of virus penetrates host cell. Synthesis: Viral genes/proteins direct synthesis of viral proteins and new genomes. Assembly: Molecules "self-assemble" into new virus particles (virions) Release: New virions exit the host cell What is HIV classified as? Retrovirus What is the structure of the influenza virus? - sense ssRNA genome, helical capsids, enveloped. - 2 spikes in envelope: N and H. What is the enzyme that is used during the transcription phase to separate DNA strands? RNA Polymerase The mode of decontamination that destroys microorganisms, including bacterial spores is? Sterilization What is the structure of herpes? Tegument, Doughtnut shaped capsomere with an icosahedral nucleocapsid, with linear dsDNA

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How are plasmids grouped? Through functional classification groups, they may be in more than one at a time. What are the 3 means of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)? Transformation Transduction Conjugation How does an oncogenic virus affect the genome of their host? Turning on genes that up-regulate mitosis Turning off genes that down-regulate mitosis How does herpes virus hide in the body? - Undergoes lytic cycle in a cell causing a primary infection. - Enter sensory neuron traveling up to cell body in CNS. - Periodic reactivation by traveling down axon and undergoing lytic cycle in another cell. What is the difference between virulent and temperate growth? Virulent growth causes harm now. Temperate growth causes harm later. Describe a virus genome? What are the possibilities? Viruses can have single or double stranded, DNA or RNA, linear or circular genomes.

-DEFINITIONS- Acme- Peak of infection where symptoms are the worst. Acute Symptoms (clinical)- Symptoms develop rapidly and tend to be more severe. Antagonism- A relationship between two organisms in which both organisms are harmed. Antisepsis- Referring to something that is free from all living microorganisms. Assembly- Step of viral replication in which molecules "self-assemble" into new virus particles. Bacterial Conjugation- When one bacterium transfers it's DNA to another bacterium. Bacterial Transduction- Phages or viruses carry bacterial DNA from one cell to another. Bacterial Transformation- Ability of bacteria to alter their genetic makeup by uptaking foreign DNA from another bacterial cell and incorporating it into their own Bacteriocidal- Agent that kills bacteria. Bacteriostatic- Chemical agent capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Capsid- A protein sheath that surrounds the nucleic acid core in a virus. Chronic Disease- Disease that develops slowly and lasts a long time. Commensalism- A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected Communicable Disease- A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another. Contagious Disease- A disease that can be easily spread from one person or species to another. Convalescence Phase - Phase of disease when tissues are being repaired, healing takes place and the body regains strength; individuals may still be able to transmit the pathogen even though they have no symptoms Decline Phase- Phase of infection where symptoms begin to get better. Delivery- Step of viral replication in which the genome of virus penetrates host cell. Disinfection- A process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacteria spores, from inanimate objects. DNA Gyrase- Enzyme that is common target of several antibacterial antibiotics due to its supercoiling ability. DNA Polymerase- Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

Genomics- Is the study and comparison of genomes both within and across species. Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)- A process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism. Housekeeping genes- genes that are switched on all the time because they are needed for life functions vital to an organism. Intracellular Bacteria- Bacteria that live in host cells in order to undergo metabolism and reproduction, such as parasites and symbiotic relationships. Usually recognizable by their small genome. Invasive Phase- Phase of infection in which symptoms are progressively getting more and more severe. Kirby-Bauer Assay- A method for determining antibiotic susceptibility. Antibiotic-impregnated disks are placed on an agar plate whose surface has been confluently inoculated with a test orga nism. The antibiotic diffuses away from the disk and inhibits growth of susceptible bacteria. The width of the inhibitory zone is proportional to the susceptibility of the organism. Latent Disease- Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive. Lateral Gene Transfer- Transfer of genes from parental generation to offspring VIA sexual or asexual reproduction. Locus- Another word for location on on a chromosome. Lysogeny- Process of viral replication in which a bacteriophage enters a bacterial cell, inserts into the DNA of the host, and remains inactive. The phage is then replicated every time the host cell replicates its chromosome. Later, the phage may leave the chromosome. Lytic Replication- Replication cycle usually results in death and lysis of host cell. Mutations- Heritable changes in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. Mutualism- A relationship between two species in which both species benefit Nucleocapsid- External coating plus the internal core of a virus. Parasitism- A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed Periplasmic Space- Gram negative bacteria this is the area between plasma membrane and outer membrane. Plasmids- Small DNA molecules that are physically separated from the chromosome. Carry genes that may benefit survival of the organism.

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Positive Sense RNA- During an infection of a virus with this type of nucleic acid, the host cell will read the nucleic acid as if it was mRNA. Proteomics- Study of genes on the functional level, AKA based on what proteins they produce. Provirus- A viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome. Recognition- Step of viral replication in which specific recognition and attachment of virus to host cell via "spikes" occurs. Release- Step of viral replication in which the newly made virions exit the host cell. Spikes- Glycoproteins on the surface of certain viruses. Stick out of the envelope. Subacute- Symptoms between acute and chronic. Syndrome- A group of symptoms typical of a particular disease or condition Synthesis- Step of viral replication in which viral genes/proteins direct synthesis of viral proteins and new genomes. Tegument- a cluster of proteins that lines the space between the envelope and nucleocapsid. Topoisomerases- Class of DNA supercoiling enzymes. Transcription- Enzyme catalyzed reaction producing an mRNA from the DNA in a gene. Translation- Ribosome-facilitated reactions that translate mRNA into a sequence of amino acids. Transposon- (jumping genes) short strands of DNA capable of moving from one location to another within a cell's genetic material.

UNIT 3 EXAM MICROBIO

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