Proteins

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Kibabii University College *

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HEALTH ASS

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Biology

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Nov 24, 2024

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1. Proteins:  The Osmosis from Elsevier video likely provides insights into the structure, function, and importance of proteins. Proteins are essential macromolecules involved in various biological processes, serving roles in structural support, enzymes, antibodies, and more. Understanding their properties and functions is crucial for comprehending cellular and molecular biology. 2. Amino Acids:  Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The video on amino acids probably explores their structure, classification (essential and non-essential), and the role they play in protein synthesis. Amino acids are vital for maintaining health, and their understanding is fundamental in areas like nutrition and biochemistry. 3. Food Tests - Simulated Lab:  The Science Sauce video likely demonstrates simulated lab tests for nutrients like starch, protein, sugar, fat, and Vitamin C. These tests are commonly performed in biology and chemistry labs to identify the presence of specific substances in food. Reagents such as iodine, Biuret, Benedict's, ethanol, and DCPIP are used to test for starch, protein, sugar, fat, and Vitamin C, respectively. This practical approach helps students understand and apply chemical concepts in a real-world context. 4. Sickle Cell Anemia:

 Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin, the protein responsible for oxygen transport in red blood cells. The video on sickle cell anemia likely covers its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and pathology. This hereditary condition is characterized by abnormally shaped red blood cells, leading to health complications. Understanding the disease is crucial for medical professionals and those interested in genetic disorders. 5. Protein-Calorie Malnutrition:  The Osmosis video on Protein-Calorie Malnutrition probably explores the clinical aspects of this condition. Protein-calorie malnutrition, often associated with inadequate protein and calorie intake, can have severe health consequences, especially in developing countries. The video may cover clinical sciences aspects, including symptoms, diagnosis, and potential treatments for individuals affected by this form of malnutrition. Materials: 1. Sample solutions containing proteins and amino acids 2. Biuret reagent (for proteins) 3. Ninhydrin reagent (for amino acids) Protein Testing Procedure (Biuret Test): 1. Prepare the Sample:  Ensure that your protein sample is in solution form. 2. Prepare the Biuret Reagent:

 Mix copper sulfate solution with sodium hydroxide to prepare the Biuret reagent. 3. Mix the Sample with Biuret Reagent:  Take a small amount of the protein sample solution (usually about 2 mL) in a test tube.  Add an equal volume of Biuret reagent to the protein sample. Mix the contents by gently shaking the test tube. 4. Incubation:  Allow the mixture to stand for a few minutes (usually 5 minutes) at room temperature. 5. Observation:  Observe the color change in the mixture. If proteins are present, the solution will turn violet. 6. Control Test:  Include a control test with distilled water or a known protein-free solution to ensure that any color change observed is due to the presence of proteins in the sample. Amino Acid Testing Procedure (Ninhydrin Test): 1. Prepare the Sample:  Ensure that your amino acid sample is in solution form. 2. Prepare the Ninhydrin Reagent:

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 Dissolve Ninhydrin in a suitable solvent (commonly in butanol or ethanol). 3. Mix the Sample with Ninhydrin Reagent:  Take a small amount of the amino acid sample solution (usually about 2 mL) in a test tube.  Add an equal volume of Ninhydrin reagent to the amino acid sample. Mix the contents by gently shaking the test tube. 4. Incubation:  Heat the mixture in a boiling water bath for a few minutes (usually 3-5 minutes). 5. Cooling:  Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. 6. Observation:  Observe the color change in the mixture. A positive result is the development of a blue or purple color. 7. Control Test:  Include a control test with distilled water or a known amino acid-free solution to ensure that any color change observed is due to the presence of amino acids in the sample. Interpretation:  For proteins: A positive result is the development of a violet color, indicating the presence of proteins.

 For amino acids: A positive result is the development of a blue or purple color, indicating the presence of free amino groups in amino acids.

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