AP 2 LAB 2

pdf

School

University of California, Berkeley *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

102

Subject

Biology

Date

Nov 24, 2024

Type

pdf

Pages

6

Uploaded by arirai

Report
Key Terms ● Sensory Receptors Structures specialized to detect senses and convert one form of energy into another Ex. light or sound converts to nerve signal then sent to brain for processing ● Thermoreceptors Respond to heat and cold ● Photoreceptors Found in eye, respond to light ● Chemoreceptors Respond to chemical such as odor or taste ● Nociceptor Tissue injuries, pain receptors Special senses-innervated by cranial nerves, complex tissue structures that gather info from environment (vision, taste, equilibrium, and smell) CN8-vestibular branch innervates division for equilibrium and cochlear for hearing ● Auricle (Pinna) External ear (6:10) earlobe, shaped by thick skin and elastic cartilage, no bone present ● External Acoustic Meatus 6:42, opening sound waves enter ● Auditory Canal Where sound waves travel, formed out of temporal bone, lined with thick skin, has guard hairs to protect ear from debris ● Tympanic membrane 7:12 where sound waves end, eardrum, end of outer ear, beginning of inner ear. Surface that faces auditory canal is concave 9:22, inner surface is convex 9:32. End of auditory canal. Soundwaves hit this. ● Sebaceous glands Secrete oil in ear 8:13, mixes with ● Cerumen Ear wax caused by mixing of oil from sebaceous gland and dead skin, protects against debris since debris sticks on earwax ● Middle Ear 2-3 mm wide, small portion of ear. Found between outer and inner ear. 10:19. Begins at tymapnic membrane. Consists of eustachian tube/auditory tube and auditory ossicles ● Eustachian Tube Connects middle ear to nasopharynx, permits pressure equalization in middle ear, at rest tube is closed but when yawning or swallow, tube opens which allow air enter or exit middle ear and equalize pressure. Gives connection to throat which may lead to inner ear infection ● Auditory ossicles Middle ear, 3 in right ear, 3 in left. 12:10, smallest bones in body, connect tympanic membrane to inner eat structures. Serves as bridge for soundwaves to travel, vibrating tympanic membrane, through inner ear. Consists of malleus, incus, and stapes ● Malleus
Hammer, has a head and handle. Attached to inner surface of tymapnic membrane 13:18, outermost bone in ear. ● Incus Anvil, connects malleus to stapes ● Stapes Bone that forms bridge to inner ear. Covers oval window ● Oval window Marks beginning of inner ear 14:40 ● Round window Covered by small membrane called second tympanic membrane 15:05 ● Labyrinth Bony maze that covers inner ear ● Perilymph Fluid in between fleshy and bony labyrinth ● Endolymph Inside membraneous labyrinth ● Vestibule Where labyrinth begins, contains organs of equilibrium ● Semicircular canals 16:50, bony canals contain endolymph. Larger pic 17:05, Contain anterior, posterior, and lateral canal where fluid flows to detect acceleration and motion to provide equilibrium of balance ● Saccule Anterior 17:58, little bump in semicircular canal ● Utricle 18:10, another little bump both contain hair cells that tells us which position our head is in ● Cochlea Organ of hearing, small snail shaped organ that detects auditory sensation 18:55. Inside cochlea, 3 fluid filled chambers below ● Scala tympani 19:40, lateral canal and contains perilymph ● Scala vestibuli Lateral canal and contains perilymph ● Cochlear duct (Scala media) Medial canal, Contains endolymph Contains organ of corti ● Organ of Corti Organ of hearing, acoustic organ, spiral organ. 20:20. Epithelial tissue, contains hair cells where when fluid moves, send signal to auditory branch of CN8 and transmit signals of sound to brain for interpretation. 21:20 PATHWAY OF HOW SOUND TRAVELS ● Conjunctiva
Difficult to see, transparent membrane covering anterior surface of eyeball 23:37. Bulbar conjunctiva covers everything except front of eye (cornea). Palpebral conjunctiva lines inside of eyelids. Highly vascularized and innervated. Secretes mucus that keeps eye lubricated and debris moving out of field of vision. ● Conjunctivitis Bloodshot eyes, inflammation of conjunctiva leads to this since conjunctiva is highly vascularized, causes by dust, bacteria like staph, etc. ● Palpebrae Eyelid, consists of muscle called orbicularis oris and covered by skin. Does not have any fat tissue. Protects eyeball from foreign object. Clears eye of debris ● Meibomian Gland Secretes layer of sebum ● Sebum Mixes with tears of eye and helps from spilling onto cheeks. Dysfunction/lack of sebum causes dry eye where tears just fall out. ● Palpebral fissure Opening 27:48 between upper and lower eyelid. Lateral commisure 28:11 and medial commisure where eyelids meet in corners. ● Lacrimal caruncle When sleeping, forms sticky or crusty like substance. ● Gland of Zeis Base of eyelashes, sebaceous gland, lubricates eye, protects eye from infection. Infection causes stye ● Lacrimal Gland Produces and secretes tears 30:44, pour tear into duct system called excretory lecrimal ducts ● Excretory lacrimal ducts Brings tears onto surface of eyeball to lubricate eye and tears contain lysozymes that prevents infection of eye ● Lacrimal punctum Where tears empty into, duct, enters into duct system called lacrimal canaliculi, THEN GOES TO lacrimal sac and then into nasolacrimaal duct. Obstruction of any of these ducts causes fluid buildup and causes watery buildup. Why we get runny nose when crying due to buildup of fluid. ● Lacrimal canaliculi ● Lacrimal sac ● Nasolacrimal duct ● Accessory muscles ● Superior rectus ● Inferior rectus ● Medial rectus ● Lateral rectus ● Superior oblique
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
  • Access to all documents
  • Unlimited textbook solutions
  • 24/7 expert homework help
● Inferior oblique ● Fibrous Tunic Outermost layer, has two regions sclera and cornea ● Sclera White of eye, outermost layer of fibrous tunic, thick and tough layer, withstand pressure 50:00. ● Cornea Anterior part of eye, transparent part of eye 34:30, where light gets admitted into eye. 49:22. ● Vascular Tunic Middle layer of eye, consists of 3 regions, choroid, ciliary body (accommodates lens for focusing on objects), and nervous tunic ● Choroid Most posterior region of middle eye, pigmented with melanin to absorb light. Next layer in from sclera ● Aqueous humor Secreted by ciliary body, watery substance found in anterior cavity in eye. Flows through ● Iris Colored part of eye ● Pupil Middle of iris, the break in middle iris. Hole, regulates amount of light entering eye ● Nervous tunic Consists of retina and beginning of optic nerves, contains receptors such as photoreceptors (rods and cones) to allow us see light/color ● Retina In addition to photoreceptors, you see neural components like macula lutea ● Optic nerve 50:31 ● Photoreceptors Rods-responsible for night vision, responsible for producing images in shades of grays Coes-color receptors, day vision. ● Macula lutea 39:10, posterior section of eye, visual center. Contains patch of cells that allows for sharp area of vision. In the middle of macula lutea, contains fovea centralis ● Central fovea Tiny pit in macula, Contaisn the highest density of rods and cones and is how we can see very defined and very sharp images ● Optic disc Commonly known as blind spot, contains no photorecptors, 40:05, where optic nerve exits, posterior part of eye. ● Lens Divides anterior and posterior chambers, biconvex structure, extended by ciliary ligaments. With age, ligaments harden and lens clouds and causes glaucoma. Responsible for fine-tuning of image between far/near due to having a small refractive index
● Anterior/Posterior Chambers Anterior cavity has both these chambers. Ant chamber is between iris and cornea 42:11. Post chamber is between iris and lens 42:16-where aqueous humour is ● Canal of Schlemm Where aqueous humor fluids flows through and drain to be reabsorbed. If blocked, causes glaucoma ● Glaucoma. Disruption in vision due to fluid being backed up in aqueous humor and becoming cloudy ● Vitreous Humor In posterior cavity, has jelly-like substance, applies pressure to posterior aspect of eye, and holds retina in place, keeps lens in suspended position. Dysfunction of vitreous humour could cause retinal displacement which could leads to partial or complete blindness ● Emmetropia Normal position of eye at rest, focusing on distant objectg ● Presbyopia Dysfunction that results in inability to accommodate for near vision, typically happens with age as lens hardens and it cant change shape to accommodate. ● Myopia Eyeball is too long and structures can’t accommodate. Near sighted. See something close by and not far ● Hyperopia Farsight, eyeball is too short, see far away and not close objects. ● Astigmatism Inability to focus light rays to simultaneously focus light rays that enter eye from different angles/planes. Due to deviated shape of cornea. 47:45 48:00 HOW VISION TRAVELS AND PROCESSED Pupil 51:54 1:00:56 Ciliary body 52:05 Iris 52:10, 1:00:35 Dark structure CHOROID 55:55 tAN STRUCTURE is retina 56:30 56:40 vitreous humour 58:25 tapetum lucidum bluish green layer, not found in humans, needed for animals for night vision. Makes retina 2x as sharp for vision and makes images sharper in dark 59:20 lens clear in living subject and pliable 1:00:25 pupil
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
  • Access to all documents
  • Unlimited textbook solutions
  • 24/7 expert homework help

Related Documents

20221022072432_63539ab0a281e_wgu_pathophysiology_d236_b.docx
Topic_ W03 Field Activity_ Biological Hazards - OSH 310 Field Activity Group 3.pdf
19 Respiration Exercises.pdf
Self-check Question 393_ Cell Division and Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit.docx
Screenshot 2023-11-29 at 9.12.39 PM.png
Graded Quiz Unit 6_ genetics-1.pdf
Challenge 4 unit 4.challenge four unit four human biology Sophia pathway from sophia.org.pdf
Short Quiz 005 - (5).png
Unit 1 Milestone-10.pdf
Sade answers to quiz 9.docx
Unit 3 Milestone-7.pdf
2248968167 - B., ... Studying_St._John_s_Wort_Effect.docx
Recommended textbooks for you
Text book image
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...
Biology
ISBN:9781285866932
Author:Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781938168130
Author:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher:OpenStax College
Text book image
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...
Biology
ISBN:9781305073951
Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781337392938
Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305112100
Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS
Recommended textbooks for you
Text book image
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...
Biology
ISBN:9781285866932
Author:Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781938168130
Author:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher:OpenStax College
Text book image
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...
Biology
ISBN:9781305073951
Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781337392938
Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305112100
Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS