Understanding Heart Disease: Genetic Factors & Family History
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Heart Disease: A General Overview Including Genetic Factors and Family History
Family History
Robert Shupe
Department of Biology, Farmingdale State College
BIO 121: Health, Heredity, and Behavior
Professor: William J. German
April 10, 2024
2
Heart Disease: A General Overview Including Genetic Factors and Family History
The following research paper will discuss heart disease, also known as cardiovascular disease, emphasizing genetic factors related to family history. Unfortunately, this silent killer is prevalent across America. In order to better understand why, an analysis regarding aspects such as morbidity and mortality, inherited risk, and behavioral factors is warranted.
Heart Disease Defined
Let us begin by going over what Heart disease is and why it has become an ever-
increasing medical dilemma for Americans today. As simply described by the National Cancer Institute, it is a “type of disease that affects the heart or blood vessels. The risk of certain heart diseases may be increased by smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, Triglycerides, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, and obesity. The most common heart disease is coronary artery disease (narrow or blocked coronary arteries), which can lead to chest pain, heart attacks, or stroke. Other heart diseases include congestive heart failure, heart rhythm problems, congenital heart disease (heart disease at birth), and endocarditis (inflamed inner layer of the heart), and also called cardiovascular disease” (heart disease, n.d.). Therefore, it is essential to understand that heart disease covers several underlying cardiovascular problems that may arise in patients.
. 3
Historical Data
A quick search for information on the internet revealed some rather interesting historical facts. Researchers were able to determine that heart disease was detected in Ancient Egyptian society around 1580 BC. Concerning American society, according to the American College of Cardiology, “heart disease was uncommon before the 19th century, but soon became the leading cause of death by mid-century. Also of note is that deaths have been declining in number since the mid-1960s, likely due to declines in tobacco use as well as better diagnostic testing and treatments (
The history of heart disease dates back to Egyptian pharaohs
n.d.). By the early 1960s, hospitals began opening cardiac care units, and defibrillator technology became available to shock the heart back into a normal rhythm.
Symptoms - Diagnosis
Symptoms of heart disease include shortness of breath, heart palpitations, sweating, lightheadedness, chest or upper body pain, neck pain, vomiting, exhaustion, and difficulty sleeping. Swelling of the legs and repeated fainting are also early warning signs. Heart disease is detected via health care professionals utilizing personal and family history and testing. Besides blood tests and standard X-ray imaging, doctors may utilize ECG/EKG, cardiac CT or MRI scanning, stress exercise testing, and echocardiograms. 4
Morbidity-Mortality Data
Of all the vast amount of information available on the subject, the most significant data fact to stand out is presented by the World Health Organization. According to the WHO, “Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, taking an estimated 17.9 million lives each year. More than four out of five CVD deaths are due to heart attacks and strokes, and one-third of these deaths occur prematurely in people under 70 years of age” (World
Health Organization, Cardiovascular diseases
n.d.). Within the United States, the CDC lists heart disease as the number one killer for men, women, and people of most racial and ethnic groups. This equates to having someone die every 33 seconds and accounts for 1 out of every five deaths. In 2021, nearly 665,000 people died due to cardiovascular disease (
Heart disease facts
2023). Of note is the fact that women age 50 or below are two times more likely on average
to die from heart disease than men, and the southern United States has some of the highest death rates when comparing regions (Thomas, 2023). Furthermore, it is estimated by the CDC that as of 2018, more than 30 million Americans have a diagnosis, and every year, another 805,000 citizens will have a heart attack. 5
Inherited Risk Factors
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Related Questions
My country is Nepal,age group i'm focusing on is kids-
Population: Describe the age group/population that you will focus on. Talk about what interests you about this group. Describe three things from either United Nations or World Health Organizations that stand out to you about your selected population.
• Country: Identify the country and diseases/conditions that you propose to research. Choose one communicable disease and one noncommunicable What interests you about these? The country must be one of the Least Developed Countries (LCD’s) found on the United Nations website.
• Sustainable Development Goals: Which of the United Nations (U.N.) Sustainable Development Goals (choose 2-3) are you most interested in exploring and why?
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Please help me answer Part III- 1, 2, 3, 4 of this case study,
Thank you,
Heres a link to the PDF
https://www.cusd80.com/cms/lib/AZ01001175/Centricity/Domain/8922/eofad.pdf
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Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia is a prevalent disease, which usually is seen in the African American community. It is an inherited disease where both parents have a copy of the gene and pass it along to offspring.
Instructions
Write a short essay about sickle cell anemia.
Research our Virtual Library, the internet, and any other resource.
Answer the following questions:
What are the top current treatments for both adults and children?
Among males and females affected, who tends to have more crises and why?
Would stem cell therapy work? Why or why not?
Name three celebrities who are affected by this disease.
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What does the acronym TPA stand for and how is TPA used in diagnostic medicine? Explain 2-3 sentences
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correct the following sentences
If one parent has sickle cell anemia and other has carrier genotype than there is 25 % chance that any offspring is carrier.
Correct:
Sickled WBC block the flow of blood and Calcium as they stick together and caused by frame shift mutation.
Correct:
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Sum. R
Please help me
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W
O () ENG
9:37 am
O GENBIO-1ST-SEM-MIDTERN X
9 Schoology
G karyotype of a certain huma x
6 BigBlueButton - GNBIO
Messenger
My Questions | bartleby
+
A app.schoology.com/common-assessment-delivery/start/5385424680?action=Donresume&submissionld=643190401
The diagram below shows a karyotype of a certain human.
8.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
X Y
Based on the karyotype, which of the following statements is most likely true?
O The individual has a genetic condition caused by a nondisjunction event.
The individual has a genetic condition caused by the X and Y chromosomes being different
sizes.
O The individual has a genetic condition caused by a chromosomal duplication.
O The individual has a genetic condition caused chromosomes number one being different sizes.
GENBIO-1ST-SEM-.pdf
O 245180335_56899...jpg
Show all
...
TID N
DAD ×
IDD .
I ID.
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2. How and why can bone marrow transplants be used to
6a Audio Inclu
cure sickle cell disease?
Include ALL of the items in the vocabulary and relationship checklists.
Vocabulary Checklist
At least 5 sentences entirely in your own words
Red Blood Cell (Sickled and Normal)
Oxygen
Treatment 1: Bone Marrow Transplant
Relationship Checklist
O How would this treatment eventually impact visible traits, such as the shape of
red blood cells? Describe the cause-effect chain.
How would this treatment affect oxygen flow throughout the body?
How do differences between normal and sickled red blood cells impact body
systems?
Pear Deck Interactive Slide
Students, write your response!
Do not remove this bar
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See photo attached.
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1
6
13
19
| }H_IC
K
2
7
14
20
8
15
3
21
22
10
16
H
11
17
X
What is this type of image called? How are they useful?
What disorder does this person have? How can you tell?
What is the birth gender of this individual?
5
12
18
Y
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Url=https%253A%252F%252Fnewconnect.mheducation.com%252F
ssignment
Saved
Aspirin is one of the most widely used anti-inflammatory drugs. A standard adult dose consists of two 325-mg aspirin tablets. Using
this adult dose and Clark's rule, find the dose for a 14-year-old boy weighing 102 pounds.
mg
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Activity #6: Extension of Mendelian Problem
1. Smith and Mrs. Doe were roommates at Harris Hospital and both had daughters at about
the same time. After Mrs. Smith took Susie home, she became convinced that the babies had
been switched. Blood tests were performed with the following results: Mr. and Mrs. Smith
were both type AB; Mr. and Mrs. Doe were both type A; Susie Smith was type A and Debbie
Doe was type 0.
Had a switch occurred?
2. In guinea pigs, coat color is governed by four alleles that constitute a multiple allelic
series, C (black), cS (sepia), cC (cream), and c (albino) with the following dominance
hierarchy: C>cS>cC>c. Determine the phenotypic ratios of the progeny from the following
crosses:
а. Сс х Сcs
b. CcS x cCc
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2. STATEMENT:
A woman and man both do not have sickle-cell anemia, but both had one parent who
had sickle cell. Sickle-cell is an autosomal (somatic) recessive trait.
a) What is the genotype for the woman, man and each of their parents?
b) This couple unexpectedly is going to have their first child.
i.
What's the probability that their child will have not have sickle cell like the couple?
ii.
What's the probability that the child will have sickle cell like one the grandparents?
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The following scenario can be seen on Ch 29 Clinical case study on Heredity (27-year-old with normal pregnancy):
Mrs. Rodriguez’ blood type is type O, and her husband’s is type A. She is currently pregnant and she would like to know what type of blood her baby will have.
For discussion 7 please answer the following questions:
What are the genotype and phenotype of Mrs. Rodriguez?
What are the genotype and phenotype of Mr. Rodriguez, given that Mr. Rodriguez’s mother has O blood type and his father has A blood type? (use Punnett Square on your worksheet to find out the genotype of Mr. Rodriquez)
What is the probability that Mrs. Rodriguez’s baby will have O blood type? A? B? AB? (use Punnett Square as your worksheet)
Type O =______%
Type A = _____ %
Type B =______%
Type AB =______%
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Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects millions of people throughout the world; the CDC "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" estimated that in the United States:
SCD affects approximately 100,000 Americans.
SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 365 Black or African-American births.
SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 16,300 Hispanic-American births.
About 1 in 13 Black or African-American babies is born with sickle cell trait (SCT).
What do sickle cells mean? And how does this disease affect the human body? Why do Some experts state it can have some benefits?
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Read the following scenario:
Coleen is a 32-year-old career woman who is working as a nurse. She and her husband have been married for 5 years. Due to the increasing cases of COVID19, her job is becoming more demanding and stressful. She has to wait for the hospital-provided bus and walk 2 kilometers away from their house. She works 12 hours per day for 3 days a week and has to isolate herself from her family when she arrives home. She considers herself healthy, except that she always suffers from dysmenorrhea every monthly menstrual period and occasional allergic colds. She is living with her husband and two kids ages 3 years-old and 8 years-old.
Lately, she always felt anxious and tired because of her fear of being infected and of infecting her family members. She expresses to her husband and parents of her concerns. She also seem paranoid every time she feels she is having colds. One time when she arrived at the hospital, her co-nurse noted that she did not seem to be herself,…
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Christopher Alvarado
Practice: Heredity Vocabulary
Match the following terms in the box with the appropriate definition.
5. Jess is blood type A and her husband Graham is blood type O. She is worried because they are pregnant
and their future child has a rare disorder which will require him to need regular blood transfusions. Jess
worries that if their son ends up with type O blood, like his father, it will be hard to get the necessary
regular blood transfusions because people with O blood can only accept O blood. What is the likelihood
of their child having blood type O? Use Punnett squares to show all possibilities.
ww
6. In Labrador retrievers, some puppies have pink noses and some have black. Labrador retrievers with
black fur almost always have black noses. What type of inheritance pattern is this? Explain how this is
possible.
7. In cats, some are black, some are orange, and some are calico (fur that is both black and orange.) All
calico cats are always female. This trait…
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2.
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Which of the following statements about Mendelian or complex disease is TRUE?
Question options:
Genetic methods for studying Mendelian phenotypes, such as crossing, is not useful for mapping quantitative trait loci.
Mapping of quantitative trait loci does relies on genetic variations that directly contribute to the trait of interest.
Both Mendelian and complex traits are associated with single gene locus.
Genetic factors determine Mendelian traits, while environmental factors determine complex traits.
Genome-wide association studies rely on polymorphic markers that are in linkage disequilibrium with alleles that contribute to the trait of interest.
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Explain the following1. A couple comes to a genetic councilor concerned about their chances of having a baby with cystic fibrosis disease. The husband had a sibling die of the disease. What are the chances that he is a carrier?
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ab
H
Q9.
Who's gonna take you home tonight?
There has been a mix up in the maternity ward. The babies have managed to remove their wrist
bands. On their wrist bands are their blood groups and names.
and art
Billy Smith
Blood group:A
Sarah Chadwick
Blood group:AB
Imran Ahmed
Blood group:B
Johnny Honest
Blood group:0
nislax
80
Complete the table to match each parent to their baby by indicating the parental genotypes
using the symbols IA, IB, and i, and then the name of the baby that belongs to each set of moo
parents. Consider one blood type might have more than one genotype. ever
Parental Blood groups
Parents Genotype
Baby Blood Group
O and O
si
grappo
AB and O
196²
A and O
AB and A
Completed forms to be made available for external moderation.
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Can you make a Genogram about the given scenario?
A patient with episodic shortness of breath. The patient's father died at the age of 56 of a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease. Her mother died of colon cancer at the age of 77. Her brother died at the age of 49 of an unknown cancer, and her sister died at the age of 68 of acute renal failure caused by diabetes mellitus. The patient has four children, all of them are still alive and well.
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Q1: Which of the children in this Punnett square represents Zoe? What is her genotype? Q2: If Zoe’s parents had another child, what is the probability that the child would have cystic fibrosis? That the child would be a CF carrier? Q3: If Zoe is able to have a child of her own someday, and the other parent is not a carrier of cystic fibrosis (he would likely be tested before they chose to have children), what is the probability that the child would have cystic fibrosis? That the child would be a carrier?
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Match the following terms with their correct definitions.
A change in a gene that
causes it to produce no
protein.
A loss-of-funtion in one
allele that is uominant
because the wild type allele
alone does not produce
enough protein to serve its
typical role.
1. Loss-of-function mutation
2. Null mutation
3. Gain-of-function mutation
A change in a gene that
causes it to produce less
protein or protein that is
not able to serve its typical
role.
4. Haploinsufficiency
A change in a gene that
causes it to produce
increased protein or protein
that takes on a new role.
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reference text
Ph.D Fernando, Harvard Professor of Genetic Epidemiology, knows a thing or two about Twins. He must know as he is head of the Twin Research Department where he works with about 3,500 pairs of identical twins, researching the influence of a person's genes on everything from the probability of being obese, whether or not they have religious beliefs, and, how, do they fall into sentimental issues. Anyone who is a twin, or who has ever met a pair of identical twins, can attest to how remarkably similar they are to each other, even in the rare cases of adopted twins raised in separate homes.A recent article begins with an introduction to two middle-aged twin sisters called Susan and Polly, one of the pairs of twins in the study group of the Department of Research of Harvard. Although they were treated almost as a single person growing up, with cuts from identical hair and clothes, the twins began to diverge in their teens as they they gained the freedom to make their own…
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Please help me with this question within an hour immediately
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What the grandparents' genotypes are?
Why doesn’t the father (II-1) have the disease breast cancer? What is the formal name for an individual having the gene but not showing the trait?
For this particular family, what is the recombination rate between the D17S74 marker and the breast cancer gene?
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individuals
relationship
Dwarf or normal
I-2 and III-6
II-1 and II-6
III-1 and II-
8
8. A woman has normal blood clotting but testing indicated that she is a carrier of hemophilia. Her
parents have normal blood clotting and her brother has hemophilia. She marries a normal man and
they have a daughter with normal blood clotting. What are the chances, if they have a son, that he will
have hemophilia?
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what can be done to avoid or ameliorate the down syndrome?
If your answer is no cure can give me a treatment that held to the person who has down syndrome. Give 10
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Select all the characteristics that make sickle-cell disease a good candidate to study genetic diseases. (Check all that apply.)
Check All That Apply
It is easily identifiable by a physical characteristic.It is easily identifiable by a physical characteristic.
It results from a single change in a single gene.It results from a single change in a single gene.
It can be influenced by the environment.It can be influenced by the environment.
The sickle-cell inheritance pattern is not influenced by other genes.The sickle-cell inheritance pattern is not influenced by other genes.
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Please shows me Punnett square ,so I will know how to solve this problem
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For: TURNER SYNDROME
1. Please describe the ethical considerations for genetic testing while pointing out potential ethical dilemmas of care for this population.
Please provide a detailed explanation specific to the question with a reference please. Thanks
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Compare the 2 different karyotypes
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- My country is Nepal,age group i'm focusing on is kids- Population: Describe the age group/population that you will focus on. Talk about what interests you about this group. Describe three things from either United Nations or World Health Organizations that stand out to you about your selected population. • Country: Identify the country and diseases/conditions that you propose to research. Choose one communicable disease and one noncommunicable What interests you about these? The country must be one of the Least Developed Countries (LCD’s) found on the United Nations website. • Sustainable Development Goals: Which of the United Nations (U.N.) Sustainable Development Goals (choose 2-3) are you most interested in exploring and why?arrow_forwardPlease help me answer Part III- 1, 2, 3, 4 of this case study, Thank you, Heres a link to the PDF https://www.cusd80.com/cms/lib/AZ01001175/Centricity/Domain/8922/eofad.pdfarrow_forwardSickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia is a prevalent disease, which usually is seen in the African American community. It is an inherited disease where both parents have a copy of the gene and pass it along to offspring. Instructions Write a short essay about sickle cell anemia. Research our Virtual Library, the internet, and any other resource. Answer the following questions: What are the top current treatments for both adults and children? Among males and females affected, who tends to have more crises and why? Would stem cell therapy work? Why or why not? Name three celebrities who are affected by this disease.arrow_forward
- What does the acronym TPA stand for and how is TPA used in diagnostic medicine? Explain 2-3 sentencesarrow_forwardcorrect the following sentences If one parent has sickle cell anemia and other has carrier genotype than there is 25 % chance that any offspring is carrier. Correct: Sickled WBC block the flow of blood and Calcium as they stick together and caused by frame shift mutation. Correct:arrow_forwardSum. R Please help mearrow_forward
- W O () ENG 9:37 am O GENBIO-1ST-SEM-MIDTERN X 9 Schoology G karyotype of a certain huma x 6 BigBlueButton - GNBIO Messenger My Questions | bartleby + A app.schoology.com/common-assessment-delivery/start/5385424680?action=Donresume&submissionld=643190401 The diagram below shows a karyotype of a certain human. 8. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 X Y Based on the karyotype, which of the following statements is most likely true? O The individual has a genetic condition caused by a nondisjunction event. The individual has a genetic condition caused by the X and Y chromosomes being different sizes. O The individual has a genetic condition caused by a chromosomal duplication. O The individual has a genetic condition caused chromosomes number one being different sizes. GENBIO-1ST-SEM-.pdf O 245180335_56899...jpg Show all ... TID N DAD × IDD . I ID.arrow_forward2. How and why can bone marrow transplants be used to 6a Audio Inclu cure sickle cell disease? Include ALL of the items in the vocabulary and relationship checklists. Vocabulary Checklist At least 5 sentences entirely in your own words Red Blood Cell (Sickled and Normal) Oxygen Treatment 1: Bone Marrow Transplant Relationship Checklist O How would this treatment eventually impact visible traits, such as the shape of red blood cells? Describe the cause-effect chain. How would this treatment affect oxygen flow throughout the body? How do differences between normal and sickled red blood cells impact body systems? Pear Deck Interactive Slide Students, write your response! Do not remove this bararrow_forwardSee photo attached.arrow_forward
- 1 6 13 19 | }H_IC K 2 7 14 20 8 15 3 21 22 10 16 H 11 17 X What is this type of image called? How are they useful? What disorder does this person have? How can you tell? What is the birth gender of this individual? 5 12 18 Yarrow_forwardUrl=https%253A%252F%252Fnewconnect.mheducation.com%252F ssignment Saved Aspirin is one of the most widely used anti-inflammatory drugs. A standard adult dose consists of two 325-mg aspirin tablets. Using this adult dose and Clark's rule, find the dose for a 14-year-old boy weighing 102 pounds. mgarrow_forwardActivity #6: Extension of Mendelian Problem 1. Smith and Mrs. Doe were roommates at Harris Hospital and both had daughters at about the same time. After Mrs. Smith took Susie home, she became convinced that the babies had been switched. Blood tests were performed with the following results: Mr. and Mrs. Smith were both type AB; Mr. and Mrs. Doe were both type A; Susie Smith was type A and Debbie Doe was type 0. Had a switch occurred? 2. In guinea pigs, coat color is governed by four alleles that constitute a multiple allelic series, C (black), cS (sepia), cC (cream), and c (albino) with the following dominance hierarchy: C>cS>cC>c. Determine the phenotypic ratios of the progeny from the following crosses: а. Сс х Сcs b. CcS x cCcarrow_forward
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Recommended textbooks for you
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...
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ISBN:9781305251052
Author:Michael Cummings
Publisher:Cengage Learning