Lesson 19 GRQ

docx

School

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

103

Subject

Biology

Date

May 25, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by PrivateMoon13666

Lesson 19 (cell signaling) CONCEPT 5.6 (This should be review from earlier in the semester) Q1. Use Figure 5.22 as a reference to draw a flow chart depicting the steps of a signal transduction pathway. Q2. Update your flow chart in Q2 above to denote where the ligand specifically interacts with a signal transduction cascade. Q3. Where would you expect the receptor for a water-soluble hormone or ligand to be found on a cell? The plasma membrane Q4. Complete the following table to compare and contrast a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and a ligand-gated ion channel. Characteristic GPCR Ligand-gated ion channel Type of hormone the receptor binds to (water or lipid soluble) Water lipid Location in the cell Cell surface Plasma membrane What happens when a ligand binds to a receptor? The receptor is activated and changes shape and activates a G protein that carries a GTP molecule Specific ions can flow through the open channel and change the concentration of that ion inside of the cell What causes cellular response when the receptor is activated? G protein leaves the receptor and diffuses along the membrane to bind to an enzyme that changes the enzyme’s shape and causes cellular response The ions that travel through the channel into the cell will trigger cellular response Q5. True/False (Explain): A steroid hormone and its receptor can interact directly with the DNA of a cell to induce transcription. Steroid hormones are hydrophobic so they can cross the membrane Q6. For the following statements, state whether they are true or false. If they are false, re-write them so that they are true statements. A. Most signal transduction pathways involve only 1-2 steps. False; Most signal transduction pathways involve multiple steps.

B. Adding or removing a phosphate from a protein is considered an activation step in a signal transduction cascade. True C. Signal transduction pathways can be amplified. True D. Water-soluble ligands enter the cell after it binds to its receptor. True Q7. Complete the following statements: A. Protein kinase is an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein. B. Protein phosphatase is an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein. C. Second messenger is a non-protein molecule that amplifies a signal transduction cascade. Q8. Draw a flow chart or diagram of how protein phosphorylation AND second messengers propagate a signal transduction pathway. You may want to refer to Figures 5.26 and 5.27 to help with this. Q9. What are the two major cellular responses that can result from activation of a signal transduction pathway? 1. Regulation of protein synthesis by turning genes on or off 2. Regulate the activity of proteins by activating gene expression CONCEPT 35.1 (be sure to read the intro to Chapter 35) Q10. In the innate immune system, what do receptors recognize? Invading pathogens Q11. True/ False (Explain): Receptors of the adaptive immune system recognize entire pathogens. Specific receptors recognize a molecular pattern characteristic of group of pathogens Q12. For the following molecules or cellular processes, describe how they are involved in the process of innate immunity in a single complete sentence. A. Lysozyme - acts as a chemical barrier against pathogens ingested w food B. Phagocytosis – breaks down microorganisms that were ingested C. Mucous membrane – lines the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts and traps pathogens and other particles

D. Skin – stimulates adaptive immunity against pathogens it encounters E. Toll-like receptors – recognize fragments of molecules common to a set of pathogens for recognition Q13. Complete the following statements: A. neutrophils and macrophages are cells of the innate immune system that phagocytose. Bonus: One is also Dr. Ott’s all time favorite cell ;). B. Dendritic cells are cells of the innate immune system that primarily activate the adaptive immune response. C. Eosinophils are cells of the innate immune system that provide protection against multicellular parasites. D. Cytokines are cells of the innate immune system that respond to virus infections. interferons are proteins of the innate immune system that also respond to viral infections. E. Histamine are a series of proteins that circulate in your blood in an inactive form and quickly activate in response to a pathogen. Q14. True/False (Explain): Pathogen recognition leads to the activation of signal transduction cascades that result in the production of inflammatory mediators. Q15. There are four hallmarks of inflammation, which you may have experienced at some point or another. What are they? 1. Physical injury 2. Infection of tissue involving the release of substances that promote swelling 3. Enhance the infiltration of white blood cells 4. Aid in tissue repair and destruction of invading pathogens Q16. In your own words, differentiate between sepsis and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn’s disease.

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Sepsis is highly inflammatory and more severe that can cause the dysfunction of an organ while chronic inflammatory disease are ongoing and disrupts the functions of certain organs.

Related Documents

F21_MCDB108A_FinalExam_key (2).pdf

Chapter 48 review question.docx

chapter 43 Review Questions.docx

Phlebotomy review #1.docx

chapter 47 Review Questions.docx

chapter 44 Review Questions.docx

Hand Washing Techniques Questions.docx

Tutorial 3_S24_AnswerKey.docx

Evaluation of Antiseptics and Disinfectants Questions1.docx

Cell Bio Task 4.docx

Homework Assignment for Lab 9 (Part 2) (1).docx

BIO 121 Exam #1 (Spring 2024)- Versions A and B Key (1).docx

Recommended textbooks for you

Biology 2e

Biology

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:OpenStax

Principles Of Pharmacology Med Assist

Biology

ISBN:9781337512442

Author:RICE

Publisher:Cengage

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...

Biology

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

Biology

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Biochemistry

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Biology (MindTap Course List)

Biology

ISBN:9781337392938

Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Publisher:Cengage Learning

SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS

Recommended textbooks for you

Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Principles Of Pharmacology Med Assist
Biology
ISBN:9781337512442
Author:RICE
Publisher:Cengage
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...
Biology
ISBN:9781285866932
Author:Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
ISBN:9781305577206
Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781337392938
Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher:Cengage Learning