BIOL 1104 AB - Mock Final1

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Carleton University *

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1104

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Biology

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May 24, 2024

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Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad BIOL 1104 AB: Mock Final Exam It is most beneficial to you to write this mock final UNDER EXAM CONDITIONS . This means:  Complete the exam in under 3 hours.  Work on your own and attempt every question. After the time limit, go back over your work with a different colour or on a separate piece of paper and try to do the questions you are unsure of. Record your ideas in the margins to remind yourself of what you were thinking when you take it up at PASS. The purpose of this mock exam is to give you practice answering questions in a timed setting and to help you to gauge which aspects of the course content you know well, and which are in need of further development and review. Use this mock exam as a learning tool in preparing for the actual exam. Please note:  Complete the mock exam before attending the take-up session. During the session you can work with other students to review your work.  Often, there is not enough time to review the entire exam in the PASS workshop. Decide which questions you want to review the most – the Facilitator may ask students to vote on which questions they want to discuss in detail.  Facilitators will not distribute an answer key for mock exams. The Facilitator’s role is to help students work together to compare and assess the answers they have. If you are not able to attend the PASS workshop, you can work alone or with others in the class.  PASS worksheets and mock exams are designed as a study aid only for use in PASS workshops. Worksheets and mock exams may contain errors, intentional or otherwise. It is up to the student to verify the information contained within by attending the PASS workshop. Good Luck with your final exams! Take-up Session #1: Friday, April 19 th from 10:05-11:55am (ML 402) Take-up Session #2: Saturday, April 20 th from 2:05-3:55pm (CB 3400) Office Hour: Friday, April 19 th from 12:05-12:55am (ML 413) Contact Information: marcabouhamad@cmail.carleton.ca

Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad Mock Questions Question 1: Which type of selection is more likely to maintain genetic diversity in the population? a) Balancing selection b) Purifying selection c) Positive selection d) Directional selection Question 2: If 25000 J of energy is available in plant biomass. How much energy can be expected to make the biomass of tertiary consumers (i.e. in animals feeding on animals feeding on plants)? a) 25 J b) 6250 J c) 2.5 J d) 250 J e) It cannot be determined from the given information Question 3: What statements are False of the endosymbiotic theory? (select all that apply) a) The DNA structure of mitochondria is circular which makes it closer to a prokaryotic DNA structure than a Eukaryotic DNA. b) Mitochondrial and plastids cannot divide independently from the host cell c) Mitochondria requires ribosomes brought in from the cell that engulfed it to translate protein d) The outer membranes of plastids and mitochondria are similar to that of prokaryotes Question 4: Which of the following is true… (select all that apply) a) Therapsida evolved before the synapsids b) Some amniotes are diapsids and others are synapsids c) All tetrapods are either synapsids or diapsids d) Diapsids are a subgroup of synapsids e) Birds are diapsid Question 5: Select which one would be more fit than the others from an evolutionary standpoint. a) A hypothetical Olympic sprinter, genetically engineered to have superior speed and endurance, winning multiple gold medals but unable to reproduce due to a rare genetic condition b) A tree species that produces an abundance of fruits every year, but there are no suitable animals in its habitat to disperse the seeds. c) A tortoise that lived a long lifespan, reproducing multiple times despite facing predation and environmental challenges d) A hybrid species that exhibits more fitness to the environment than the parent species but experiences reproductive barriers due to mating choice from the parent species

Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad Question 6: An asexually reproducing protist was found in a water sample, which species concept would be useful to figure out whether it is a new protist species? (select all that apply) a) Biological b) Morphological c) Phylogenetic d) Evolutionary Question 7: Which of the following are not a mutualistic relationship (select all that apply) a) Sea anemones provide mucous to anemone fish and the anemone fish fends off against fish that attack the sea anemones. b) Zooxanthellae (single-celled organisms) live within coral polyp tissues providing them essential nutrients through photosynthesis, while corals provide shelter and access to nutrients c) Bees pollinate flowers while collecting nectar to produce their honey. d) Tapeworms live in the intestine of mammals where they can absorb nutrients from the host’s digestive system. e) Wolves hunt and kill deer for food in the forest ecosystem, maintaining balance in the population of deer Question 8: Which of the following taxa includes all the other taxa in the list? a) Tetrapods b) Deuterostomes c) Vertebrates d) Chordates e) Amniotes Question 9: What kind of group do protists form? a) Paraphyletic b) Polyphyletic c) Monophyletic d) Clade Question 10: Humans and giraffes have the same number of cervical vertebrae, however in development, the growth duration is much longer in giraffes giving them longer necks. This is an example of? a) Heterochrony b) Paedomorphosis c) Differential growth d) Exaptation e) Lamarckian Evolution Question 11: In a population of flowers, a locus affecting petal color has two alleles. The P allele produces red petals, while the p allele produces white petals. Heterozygous individuals have pink petals. In a sample of 178 flowers, 53 have red petals, and 20 have pink petals. What is the genotype frequency of the white petals if the locus is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Question 12: In a population of 143 bees, a locus has two alleles B and b. If 38 individuals have the bb genotype and the locus is at Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, how many individuals have the BB genotype?

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Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad Question 13: Normal homozygous individuals (SS) have blood cells that are easily infected by malaria parasites. Individuals homozygous for sickle cell trait (ss) have sickle cell anemia. Heterozygous individuals are protected from malaria because the parasite cannot survive in the partially deformed red blood vessels. Below is a table of the individuals with each genotype in a sample of 150. SS Ss ss Number of individuals 37 81 32 a) Prove that being heterozygous at the S locus is advantageous in this environment. b) Calculate the expected number of individuals if it were at Hardy Weinberg, write a null hypothesis for this, and run statistical calculations to determine whether you would reject the null hypothesis. (use Chi-squared) Use this tree for questions 14-17 Question 14: Which is the sister taxa of Homo sapiens? a) Dasypus novemcinctus - Loxodonta africana b) Lepus europaeus c) Lepus europaeus - Mus musculus d) Balaenoptera musculus - Equus ferus - Panthera leo - Corynorhinius townsendii - Mus musculus - Lepus europaeus e) It does not have one Question 15: Which is the sister taxa of the group Mus musculus/Lepus Europaeus/Homo sapiens? a) Dasypus novemcinctus - Loxodonta africana

Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad b) Balaenoptera musculus - Equus ferus - Panthera leo - Corynorhinius townsendii c) Corynorhinus townsendii d) It has one but it is none of the options above e) It does not have one Question 16: Which of the following statement is true? a) Dasypus novemcinctus is more closely related to Homo sapiens than to Equus ferus b) Loxodonta africana shares more common ancestors with Homo sapiens than with Balaenoptera musculus c) Balaenoptera musculus, Equus ferus, Panthera leo, and Corynorhinus townsendii form a polytomy. d) Corynorhinus townsendii is more closely related to Balaenoptera musculus than to Mus musculus Question 17: Which of the following forms a paraphyletic group? (Extra: what do the other ones form) a) Balaenoptera musculus, Equus ferus, Panthera leo, Corynorhinus townsendii, and their most recent common ancestor b) Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Panthera leo, Equus ferus, and their most recent common ancestor c) Macropus giganteus, Mus musculus, and Corynorhinus townsendii Question 18-21 context In a coastal ecosystem, there are three primary species of shellfish with varying sizes (small, medium, and large). Species 1 either comes in small or large shells, species 2 comes in medium or large shells, and species 3 comes in small or medium shells. Along the coastline, a population of shorebirds that have varied beak lengths allow them to feed on shellfish of different sizes. Question 18: If humans came and got rid of all members of species 3 what would definitely occur to the beak length in shorebirds over time? a) The proportion of beak size will remain the same b) The proportion of birds with medium-sized beaks will increase c) Only The proportion of birds with small beaks will decrease d) The proportion of shore birds that have large beaks will be larger e) Not enough information to conclude Question 19: What type of selection do you expect on bird beak size if shellfish species 2 was removed? Question 20: What type of selection would you expect on bird beak size if shellfish species 2 and species 3 were removed? Question 21: What type of selection would you expect on bird beak size if shellfish species 1 was removed?

Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad Question 22: How do the gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) differ from one another? a) GPP is the total energy captured by autotrophs through photosynthesis NPP is the energy stored in plant biomass after accounting for respiration loss b) GPP is a measure of the amount of organic matter produced by autotrophs NPP is a measure of the amount of organic matter consumed by herbivores c) GPP is the available energy to consumers in an ecosystem NPP is the energy lost as heat that occurs during trophic transfers d) None of the above Question 23: Coccolithophores are marine algae producing a calcium carbonate skeleton to anchor themselves. When they die, they would contribute to what? a) Carbonate pump, by having the calcium carbonate structure float to the surface to return to the atmosphere b) Biological pump by having phytoplankton eat their remains and store it for when they die. c) Carbonate pump by having the calcium carbonate structure sink to the ocean floor, where they are buried in sediments d) Biological pump by having the calcium carbonate structure remineralize the ocean Question 24: which of the following would most likely lead to a decrease in Lyme disease? a) Introduce coyotes as they will prey on white-footed mice and prevent the larva from obtaining the Lyme bacteria. b) Reducing the diversity of animals in the community c) Adding a keystone species that would re-establish the abundance of oak trees d) None of the above Question 25 : There is a non-venomous snake species that are preyed upon, and suppose it can select an upgrade that would complement its non-venomous situation, which of the following would be advantageous for its survival? a) Adopting a keystone species role in the ecosystem b) Aposematic coloration c) Batesian mimicry d) Müllerian mimicry Question 26: Consider the three following communities which each contain three different species of trees (A, B, and C). Community Species A Species B Species C 1 43 54 27 2 56 47 42 3 32 38 63 a) Which community is the most diverse? What is its evenness number? b) What is the relative abundance of species A in community 2? (0.39) Question 27 The antibiotic benzylpenicillin has led to the emergence of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria. Which of the following statements is false? a) Benzylpenicillin exerted selective pressure on Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria b) The resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae survived and proliferated due to their ability to withstand the effects of benzylpenicillin

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Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad c) Benzylpenicillin directly created drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria by inducing the mutations. d) The resistance by the bacteria is an example of adaptation and under the antibiotic, its fitness has increased e) All are true Question 28: A small group of settlers established a colony on a remote, unpopulated island. Over time, the population grew, but due to limited resources and isolation, the colony experienced a severe famine resulting in a significant decrease in population size. This event caused a loss of genetic diversity in this population. Which concepts have occurred at one point to the settlers? (Select all that apply) a) Founder effect b) Gene flow c) Bottleneck d) Artificial selection e) Genetic drift Question 29: In a lake, two populations of freshwater fish competed for resources and eventually started occupying different niches at different depths of the lake. Over time the two populations diverged in body shape, and feeding behaviors, and developed a preference for mates of similar body type. What is this an example of? (select all that apply) a) Sympatric speciation b) Allopatric speciation c) Adaptive radiation d) Behavioral isolation Question 30: How many substitutions exist between B and C, assuming the substitution rate is constant between all the species in the phylogenetic tree? Question 31 : How long ago did C and D diverge from each other? Question 32: In a grassland ecosystem, two closely related species of rodents were inhabiting

Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad neighboring regions. A wide river separated these species, but human intervention such as building bridges, allows the rodents to move between the two regions. It was observed that the two species overlapped over a small region of the ecosystem but there were differences in mating behaviors which reinforced a preference for the members of their species. Occasionally the rodents would produce viable and fertile hybrids but due to mate choice were less fit. If you brought in allopatric rodents into the same space as the rodents from the sympatric region and observed mate choice, which of the following statements is/are correct? (select all that apply) a) The members from the sympatric zone would have an easier time discerning members from both species compared to those in the allopatric zone b) Reproductive barriers are going to be stronger in the members from the sympatric zone than in the allopatric zone c) Reproductive barriers are going to be stronger in the members from the allopatric zone than in the allopatric zone d) You would observe an increase in hybrids who have parents from the allopatric region compared to the sympatric species Question 33: Which of the following is an example of a post-zygotic reproductive barrier? a) Two species of flowers that bloom at different times of the year b) A cross between two fish species such that the embryo fails to develop properly and dies before hatching c) Biochemical incompatibilities between two species of sea urchins when it comes to sperm fertilizing the egg. d) A female bird ignores the courtship ritual of a male bird. e) All of them are pre-zygotic reproductive barriers Question 34: Context for Part A,B and C You want to estimate the population size of northern pike fish in the Ottawa River. You go and set your traps, and you capture 74 fishes that you marked with attached tags and release them back into the river. A couple of days later, you come back and catch 80 fish, where 35 of them were from your original marked sample. A) What are the assumptions you have to make to be able to determine the size of the population? B) What is the estimated population size? 74*80/35 C) Suppose some of the tags were not attached properly and were lost at the bottom of the river. What would be the consequence of your estimation?

Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad The following image is for questions 35-39: Assume The starting population size was 100 for the following graph Question 35 : After 250 generations, how many populations still have an allele that has not reached fixation? Question 36: What has a stronger effect on this population? a) Natural selection b) Drift c) Neither d) There is not enough information. Question 37: In which populations is Allele A1 not experiencing positive selection? Question 38: What would happen if we increased the population size to 10000? Question 39: Come up with a set of fitness values for the homozygotes and heterozygotes that can be representative of this. (there are so many options, but it should make reasonable sense in the proportions) Question 40: Which of the following plant groups exhibit a life cycle dominated by the gametophyte generation? a) Bryophytes b) Seedless vascular plants c) Seed plants d) Both seedless vascular and seed plants Question 41: What is a significant factor contributing to the success of angiosperms in terrestrial environments? a) Spores b) Dependence on water for reproduction c) Development of flowers and fruits d) Reliance on wind pollination Question 42: Over two years, the falcon population increased from 127 to 208. a) Determine what the growth rate per capita is over these two years.

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Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad b) If the population continues to grow exponentially, estimate what the population size would be after 4 years. c) What was the population size after one year? Question 43: In 2011, a town had a population of 38,000 residents, with resources and infrastructure to support up to 55,000 residents. If the growth rate is 0.6 ind/ind/year, what will be the population size at the beginning of 2013? Question 44: Every 6 months, the population of rabbits grew by 10%. If there are initially 500 rabbits, how many rabbits were there at 3 months and how many will there be after 1 year assuming it can grow exponentially for 5 years? Question 45: Which of the following organisms is more likely to be preserved as a fossil? a) Jellyfishes b) Earthworms c) Clams d) Sponges e) Mosses Question 46: In a tropical rainforest ecosystem, a species of ant has a disproportional influence on the structure and diversity of the entire community. The ant species preys upon herbivorous insects that, if left unchecked, would destroy certain plant populations. This would in turn cause a decline in the abundance of many other species in the community. Which of the following best describes the role of the ant? a) Primary consumer b) Keystone species c) Invasive species d) Dominant species Question 47: A scientist has been tracking the fish population in a lake for the last decade and has observed a decline. The scientist ran some tests to compare the data with his previously collected data and concluded that eutrophication had occurred. Which of the following would be support for this conclusion? a) Decrease in phosphorous in the lake water which leads to an increase in algal biomass and a decrease in water clarity b) A decrease in water clarity leads to an increase in algal biomass which decreases the aquatic vegetation. c) An increased algal biomass reduced water clarity because of an increase in phosphorous in the lake d) None of the above Question 48: Which of the following is not a consequence of the industrial fixation of Nitrogen? (select all that apply) a) Increased availability of nitrogen for plant growth, which increased agricultural productivity b) Acidification of soil and water bodies caused by the release of excess ammonia and nitrate from fertilizers c) Decrease in atmospheric nitrogen levels due to retention of fixed nitrogen in soil and

Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad water bodies d) An increase in ozone production in the troposphere is due to increased nitrogen oxide reacting with light Question 49: What is the consequence of human usage of phosphorous in crop production? a) Most of it ends up in water which cycles very slowly for it to be of any use to humans b) Depletion of oxygen in water due to bacteria decomposing dead algae c) A decrease in the nitrogen-to-phosphorous concentration yields more cyanobacteria d) A and C e) A, B, and C Question 50: What is the primary cause of marine dead zones? a) An excess of nitrogen due to agricultural and urban runoffs b) A lack of Iron in these zones c) Increased atmospheric CO2 over these regions d) Overfishing top predators in these zones Question 51: Hybrid zones that always lead to a pre-zygotic barrier reinforcement always have their hybrid zone disappear? a) True b) False c) I don’t know Question 52: The rate of somatic development is always faster than the rate of reproductive development? a) True b) False c) I don’t know Question 53: Which of the following describes a difference between the Ediacaran Period and the Cambrian explosion: a) The Ediacaran Period is characterized by the presence of soft-bodied organisms, while the Cambrian explosion marks the rapid diversification and emergence of organisms with hard parts b) The Edicaran period is known for the rise of marine invertebrates, whereas the Cambrian explosion is marked by the proliferation of terrestrial mammals c) The Edicaran period saw the presence of complex multicellular life, while the Cambrian explosion marked the extinction event that wiped out many Edicaran organisms. d) The Cambrian explosion is characterized by the diversification of organisms with hard parts, while the Edicaran period is characterized by the early explosion of soft-bodied organisms Question 54: Which of the following statement regarding animals is incorrect… (select all that apply) a) All animals are triploblastic (possess three germ layers) b) Animals are defined by a bilateral symmetry c) Mammals are protostomes d) Most animals are vertebrates

Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad e) All chordates have a post-anal tail at the adult stage Question 55: Which of the following are in the correct order from oldest to most recent? a) Notochord > Jaw > Limbs with digits> Amniotic Egg > Bilateral Symmetry b) Bilateral Symmetry > Notochord > Jaw > Limbs with digits > Amniotic Egg c) Bilateral Symmetry > Jaw > Notochord > Limbs with digits > Amniotic Egg d) Limbs with digits > Jaw > Notochord > Bilateral Symmetry > Amniotic Egg e) Bilateral Symmetry > Limbs > Notochord > Amniotic Egg > Limbs with digits Question 56: Use the following table to answer the parts A to F of the question: x nx bx 0 1000 0.00 1 824 0.00 2 653 0.05 3 497 0.43 4 321 0.54 5 224 0.24 6 125 0.12 7 98 0.03 8 45 0.00 a) What is the per capita death rate at age 3? b) What percentage made it alive to age 6? c) If there were 650 alive at age 4, how many would have been alive at age 3, and how many are going to be alive at age 5? d) What percentage of the original population remained at year 8? e) What is the doubling time? f) What is the instantaneous rate of increase? Question 57: Which statement is true regarding a type 2 survivor-ship curve a) They provide less parental care than type 1 but produce more offspring than type 3 b) They provide more parental care than type 1 and produce more offspring than type 1 c) They provide less parental care than type 3 and produce fewer offspring than type 1 d) They provide more parental care than type 3 but produce more offspring than type 1 Question 58: In which example will the population grow following the logistic model of population growth? a) A species that is preyed upon through a negative frequency-dependent selection

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Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad b) Species having enough stores of nutrients to temporarily surpass the carrying capacity c) A species undergoing seasonal migration that alters its population density throughout the year d) A population of bacteria in a laboratory culture where nutrients are continuously replenished and a large enough space. e) A tree population in a forest increases in density until there is competition for light and resources, which leads to a stable population size Question 59: In a desert region, a group of rodents were once limited to a single type of habitat. At some point, a climatic change occurred that formed diverse small habitats within the desert. As a result, the rodents rapidly diversified and different populations occupied the various ecological niches. Which phenomena best describes what happened? a) Allopatric speciation b) Adaptive radiation c) Convergent evolution d) Analogous traits e) Homologous evolution Question 60: In a forest ecosystem, two species of woodpeckers (A and B), inhabit the same area and feed on insects living in tree bark. Normally, both species have a wide dietary range that includes foraging on various trees across the forest. However, it was revealed that species A was found to primarily forage on the trunks of coniferous trees, while species Y foraged on the branches of deciduous trees. Select all the ecological concepts best explain the observed foraging behavior of both species when present together. a) Realized niche b) Competitive exclusion c) Fundamental niche d) Resource partitioning Question 61: Select which of the following statements is correct. a) A species with low abundance cannot have a high impact on the structure of a community b) The dominant and keystone species are the same species within an ecosystem c) Keystone species are typically the most abundant or widely distributed species in an ecosystem d) A rare species exerting a high impact on the structure of a community may cause a trophic cascade when removed from the community e) None of the options

Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) Facilitator: Marc Abou Hamad Question 62: Which evolved trait does each letter represent? (just to get the students to go find the diagram and know where to find the information)

BIOL 1104 AB - Mock Final1

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