Combined ANSWERS Practice Exam III DOC

pdf

School

CUNY Queens College *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

201

Subject

Biology

Date

May 21, 2024

Type

pdf

Pages

Uploaded by MagistrateSalmonPerson80

Practice Exam III 14. Medea transposable elements and meiotic drive at the mouse T-locus violate the usual cooperation among genes in genomes. This results from what sort of selection? a) Selection on a level above the individual b) Selection on extended phenotypes c) Sexual selection d) Selection on a level below the individual e) Selection at the individual level 19. Selection at which of the following levels is responsible for most of the traits of organism? a) Population b) Species c) Individual d) Gene e) Clade 25. What is the indirect component of inclusive fitness? a) Individual survival only b) Survival and reproduction of genes of relatives c) Survival and reproduction of an individual d) Individual reproduction only e) Survival and reproduction of an unrelated social group 30. The slime mold Dictyostelium has separate unrelated cells that glom together to form a stalk and reproductive fruiting body, but only a few of the individuals will get to reproduce. This seems to violate the rule that organisms only evolve traits that benefit themselves. What is the best explanation for this situation? a) Some cells are coercing others into being nonreproductive b) In some species, natural selection does not govern reproduction c) Selection is operating below the level of the individual d) In some species, a gamble is an individual’s only hope to reproduce at all e) Group selection violates the rules of individual selection 34. Which of the following is an example of an extended phenotype? a) hair b) a painting c) feeding behavior d) symbiotic intestinal bacteria e) a clone

38. Suppose one individual performs a helpful behavior that results in a fitness benefit of 0.2 to a full sibling (r= 0.5). According to Hamilton's Rule, what fitness cost can the helper bear in order for this cooperative behavior to spread by kin selection? a) Cannot be determined from the information given b) Greater than 0.2/ 0.5 c) Greater than 0.5* 0.2 d) Less than 0.2/ 0.5 e) Less than 0.5* 0.2 1. Which of the following is NOT considered speciation? a) Allopatric b) Cladogenesis c) Anagenesis d) Parapatric e) Sympatric 2. Adaptive radiations are always characterized by: a) Ecological adaptation and sexual selection b) Speciation and convergent evolution c) Ecological adaptation without speciation d) Rapid speciation and ecological adaptation e) Evolution of similar morphologies among species 3. What is the change in socially learned traits over time, not due to changes in the genes but because of changes in the traits as they are copied and reproduced? a) Adaptation b) Eusociality c) Adaptive radiation d) Cultural evolution e) Speciation 4. List, in order from broad (ancient) to narrow (recent), all of the levels of the classic Linnean hierarchy. Short answer question

5. Which of the following is an example of parapatric speciation? a) Wrasses on either side of the Isthmus of Panama are distinct species since the land mass prevented them from interbreeding over the last 3 million years. b) Several species of fish have diverged from a single one, in a lake where all species breed on the bottom, but each species feeds in a distinct location; perhaps mating decisions are based on food or feeding behavior. c) Geographic variation in a flightless Australian grasshopper species has resulted in speciation because of limited gene flow between distant areas of its range. d) Chipmunks on either side of the Grand Canyon are unable to mate with each other because of divergence since the canyon formed 6 million years ago. e) Several populations of the rat snake exist in the United States; they are diverse across geography, but can breed with each other and there is significant gene flow between populations 6. What was true of the relationship between cattle and inheritance in Bantu-speaking populations in Africa? a) Cattle ownership led to the loss of matriliny b) Cattle were consulted as to the sex that should inherit in each family c) There was no relationship d) Cattle ownership led to the loss of patriliny e) Cattle ownership made inheritance irrelevant 7. Which of the following is the most important rule in designating or naming phylogenetic groups? a) Groups should be defined by phenetic methods b) All species relationships should be determined by DNA sequencing, not morphological traits c) All groups should be monophyletic d) Groups at the same level in the Linnean hierarchy should be about the same genetic distance apart e) Groups should contain organisms that are more similar to each other in their morphological traits than they are to members of other groups 8. What is the term for a trait that is shared because of descent from a common ancestor? a) Homoplasy b) Homology c) Synology d) Analogy e) Convergence

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

9. What is a synapomorphy? a) A derived trait shared among two or more groups b) A trait that has evolved separately (more than once) in different groups c) An ancient trait that is only present in extinct organisms d) An ancient trait common to all groups e) A trait unique to one species 10. The modern continents of Africa, South America, Australia, and Antarctica (but NOT the other continents) were formed from the breakup of what ancient continent? a) Pangaea b) Permia c) Gaia d) Laurasia e) Gondwana 11. What is the difference between the phylogenetic and biological species concepts? Short answer question 12. What are two differences between ant societies and termite societies as presented in lecture? Short answer question 13. What is the most common mechanism of speciation? a) Change in a single lineage in a single environment over time b) Migration of new individuals into a population c) Separation of two populations by a physical boundary d) Divergence of traits in the same habitat e) Sexual selection leading to exaggerated traits 14. Which of the following is NOT an example of post-mating reproductive isolation? a) Hybrid sterility b) Zygote mortality c) Gamete mortality d) Hybrid inviability e) Parental mortality

15. Which of the following is the most common method of relative dating in paleontology? a) Molecular clock b) Radiometry c) Trapped gas analysis d) Stratigraphy e) Asking out one’s aunt or uncle 16. Why do large and densely connected populations have more potential for cumulative culture? Short answer question 17. Among the set of cladograms shown, which one shows B, C, and D as a clade? a) Cladogram 1 b) Cladogram 2 c) Cladogram 3 d) Cladogram 6 e) None of these cladograms show B, C, and D as a clade 18. What sort of animal cultures have evolved, and what functions do the behaviors tend to have? Short answer question 19. You karyotype (acquire a picture of the chromosomes of) a few members of an obscure plant clade, and notice that several closely related species have chromosome numbers that reveal a pattern: 8, 16, 24, and 32 chromosomes in the four species you studied. What should you suspect? a) Anagenesis b) Selfish genetic elements c) Transposable elements d) Adaptive radiation e) Speciation by polyploidy

20. Among the set of cladograms shown, which one is most consistent with the idea that organism “A” has more primitive (ancient) characters than any other group in the clade? a) Cladogram 1 b) Cladogram 3 c) Cladogram 4 d) Cladogram 5 e) Cladogram 6 21. Which of the following is NOT true of haplodiploid ant societies? a) Fathers are haploid b) Daughters are diploid c) Haplodiploidy favors kin selection d) Sisters are more related to each other than they would be to daughters e) The mother’s genes are always the same in all offspring 22. All of the following organism have displayed convincing evidence of cultural traits except: a) Humans b) Chimpanzees c) Octopus d) Birds e) Whales 23. What is trophollaxis in eusocial ants? a) Pheromone suppression of reproduction of workers by the queen b) A strongly biased sex ratio due to workers being female c) Kin selection leading to self-sacrificial behavior in defense of the hive or nest d) Communication by touch between antennae and substances on the surface of insects e) A situation leading to greater relatedness between sisters than between parents and offspring 24. Different organisms from the same Order or Class have been found on two different continents that are separated by an ocean. If none of their ancestors ever crossed an ocean, how is this likely to have happened? Short answer question

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

25. Which of the following species groups is a clade in the phylogenetic tree shown? a) Rat – human – dog b) Rat – red kangaroo c) Harbor seal – giant otter – walrus d) Minke whale – cow – manatee e) African elephant – manatee – red kangaroo 26. Two populations of insects speciated while separated by a river. The river has rerouted, and the insects are now able to mingle with each other. They do not mate with each other because a particular ritualized courtship dance is now performed differently in the two populations, and the females do not recognize the dance from the other population’s males as appropriate courtship. What is the mechanism of speciation in this case? a) Sympatric speciation and premating mechanical reproductive isolation b) Sympatric speciation and premating behavioral reproductive isolation c) Parapatric speciation and premating mechanical reproductive isolation d) Allopatric speciation and premating behavioral reproductive isolation e) Allopatric speciation and post-mating behavioral reproductive isolation 27. In which form of indirect bias are people more likely to copy those that others are paying more attention to? a) Success bias b) Novelty bias c) Prestige bias d) Confirmation bias e) Conformity bias

28. In the phylogenetic tree shown, the scale bar indicates percent DNA change. Which of the following pairs of species are most distantly related in terms of DNA similarity? a) Human and dog b) Human and rat c) Human and cow d) Walrus and minke whale e) Manatee and red kangaroo 6. Which statement about cultural evolution is TRUE: a) The capacity for culture in any species is underlain by a single gene b) Most culturally evolving traits in nonhuman animals function in predator avoidance c) Cultural evolution occurs when individuals learn by trial and error d) Cultural transmission must occur via social learning e) Only one plant is known to undergo cultural evolution 12. What does it mean to say that a group of species is monophyletic? a) The members of the group share a common ancestor and include all of the descendants of that ancestor b) The members of the group share at least one genetic mutation or at least one distinctive trait c) The members of the group are in the same gene pool (have the same genes) d) The members of the group are living in the same geographical area e) The members of the group descend from a current (living) species 18. What does Hamilton’s Rule describe? a) A method of determining the relatedness of two individuals in a population b) When fitness will tend to be important to an organism c) The cost of a behavior in terms of reproductive success d) When an apparently altruistic trait will spread by kin selection e) The increase in a population’s size due to eusociality

19. For this question, address a child’s curiosity, according to the information provided in this class—not all the lingo is too precise because you’re talking to a kid, but choose the BEST answer! Ouch, I just got stung by a bee from a hive of tons of bees, and the stinger’s still in me! Why would an animal hurt itself like that, just to hurt me? a) Stinging is maladaptive—it is bad for the bee and natural selection does not favor it b) The bee protects a lot of relatives such as siblings, and even though that bee dies these relatives will continue to survive c) The bee only stings when it believes it is about to be killed; from its perspective it was going to die anyway, but if it stings it at least gets to hurt its killer a bit also d) The bee is protecting its offspring, and by injuring or even killing itself it can still survive in a way through its offspring e) Bees are servants of the Dark Lord 20. Which is the best description of the typical process of speciation? a) A population evolves for a certain amount of time b) A mutation of large effect enters a population c) An organism’s offspring cannot mate with individuals of its parent’s generation d) A species acquires new genes e) An evolutionary lineage splits into two 21. What is the most common mechanism of speciation? Repeat of Q13 23. Which of the following is true about the origin and early evolution of life on Earth? a) The early Earth was too cold to support life. b) All of the living things currently on Earth apparently descended from the same origin of life. c) There appears to have been much more oxygen in the early atmosphere than there is today. d) Scientists currently believe that life on Earth began about a billion years ago. e) Amino acids, which assemble into proteins, must originally have come from outer space because no known natural process on Earth can produce them. 24. What is an example of a frequency-based bias in cultural evolution? a) Content bias b) Conformist bias c) Prestige bias d) Suburbias e) Success bias

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

25. Which of the following is a synonym for “clade”? a) Trait b) Sympatric speciation c) Phylogenetic tree d) Species e) Monophyletic group 27. Which of the following things can undergo biological evolution? a) A single organism b) A population of organisms c) Planet Earth d) The universe e) All the above 28. You come upon a series of islands, each with several related species that differ from those on other islands and also from those on the mainland. A genetic analysis shows all of them to have been descended from a mainland species only a few million years ago. Which term best describes this situation? a) Life history evolution b) Allen’s Rule c) Fisherian runaway selection d) Adaptive radiation e) Disruptive selection

30. For this question, address a child’s curiosity, according to the information provided in this class—not all the lingo is too precise because you’re talking to a kid, but choose the BEST answer! I heard a man on the radio say that if you let an immortal chimp type randomly on a typewriter for a billion years he would never type out Shakespeare’s Hamlet. The man said that this means that evolution is a ridiculous theory and that all of the amazing animals and plants we have could never have been made through random evolution all by itself. I’m confused. Help?! a) That story is not a good analogy for evolution, because evolution is not random; traits and organisms function better and can get more complex over the generations by natural selection. Thus our present diversity of traits and organisms could have evolved by small evolutionary steps, each tending to improve reproductive success relative to what went before. b) Because evolution is random, it is true that some other process is required to explain all that we observe in nature. Evolution has occurred, but other special things we have not yet discovered must have happened over the course of history in order to explain the diversity of organisms and traits we see around us. c) We evolved from bacteria not chimps, and bacteria at a typewriter could indeed eventually type Shakespeare’s Hamlet despite the fact that chimps would fail. This demonstrates that random evolution can produce the diversity we observe in the natural world. d) The analogy between chimps typing and the evolution of life is false, because in nature anything any organism develops or learns during its lifetime is passed on to its offspring through its genes. This means that over each generation the chimp would inherit everything its parents discovered and because of this they could eventually type Hamlet. e) A typewriter has many keys, but DNA varies only among four nucleotide bases at any specific locus. Thus the nature of DNA is such that any of several mechanisms of evolution, such as drift, net mutation, nonrandom mating, and natural selection, is highly constrained to produce surprisingly complex and functional traits, including the present diversity of organisms, through random evolution. 32. A certain radioactive isotope of an element X decays to Y with a half-life of 4 million years. You find a fossil in a rock where only one quarter of the expected X atoms are present, with three quarters being Y instead. How old is the rock? a) 1 million years b) 2 million years c) 4 million years d) 8 million years e) 16 million years 33. Which of the following statements, if any, is FALSE? a) Unlearned traits sometimes genetically evolve b) Unlearned traits sometimes culturally evolve c) Socially learned traits sometimes genetically evolve d) Socially learned traits sometimes culturally evolve e) None of them—all the above statements are true.

35. To which of the following taxonomic groups do humans belong? a) Lorises & Lemurs b) Gibbons & Siamangs c) Great apes d) New World monkeys e) Tarsiers 36. For over a hundred years after the discovery of natural selection, researchers focused only on the direct component of inclusive fitness. Hamilton demonstrated that there was also an indirect component, which is associated with what sort of selection? a) Group b) Cultural c) Frequency-dependent d) Sexual e) Kin 37. In this phylogenetic tree, what do the numbers in the tree above or below the branches indicate? a) temporal distance of the node to the present in millions of years b) genetic distance of the branch c) genetic distance between the two descendants of that node d) statistical confidence that the node is placed correctly e) statistical confidence of the length of the branch 38. A monkey learns to wash potatoes in water to get rid of sand. Others start copying it and before long all the local monkeys are doing it. Then a monkey learns to throw rice in the water for the same purpose, and similarly this spreads through the population. What term is most appropriate to describe these behaviors? a) Canalizex b) Constrained c) Cultural d) Innate e) Instinctual

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

43. What is (biological) evolution? a) The process of improvement in a trait throughout an organism’s development b) Change in a socially learned trait over time c) Change in an organism’s traits across generations such that they become better suited to their environments d) Change in genes due to mutation during an organism’s lifetime e) Change in gene or trait frequencies over time across generations 45. What is the significance of the dates at which paleontologists have placed the divisions between the three eras of the Phanerozoic eon? a) They mark the beginning of the evolution of two major new groups of organisms b) They coincide with two important landmarks in human evolution c) They coincide with two major extinction events d) All three eras approximately equal in length e) They are favorite numbers of two famous paleontologists 52. According to lecture, selection at which of the following levels is responsible for most of the traits of organisms? a) Clade b) Population c) Cell lineage d) Species e) Individual

Combined ANSWERS Practice Exam III DOC

Related Documents