5-2 Milestone Two

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Apr 3, 2024

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History, Contemporary Viewpoint, and Real-World Applications 1 5-2 Final Project: Milestone Two SCI 218: Natural Resources Southern New Hampshire University February 5, 2024

History, Contemporary Viewpoint, and Real-World Applications 2 Section One: History and Contemporary Viewpoint. Water is an essential element for life on Earth, and its importance has been recognized since the beginning of human civilization. Throughout history, the topic of water has undergone significant developments and has been shaped by numerous factors such as social, cultural, political, and technological changes. In this document, we will explore the historical development of the topic of water from its inception to modern-day usages, both in American culture and the global culture. The earliest civilizations that emerged along the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers recognized the importance of water for agriculture and survival. These ancient civilizations, such as the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, developed sophisticated irrigation systems to control and distribute water for their crops. This marks the beginning of human manipulation of water for their benefit. During the Middle Ages, water was used for religious ceremonies and was considered a symbol of purification. This led to the construction of grand fountains and ornate water features in churches and cathedrals. However, it was not until the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries that water usage saw a significant shift. With the invention of steam power, water was used as a source of energy in factories and mills, leading to the emergence of industrial cities and urbanization. In the 20th century, with the advancement of technology, water usage continued to evolve. The development of modern plumbing and sanitation systems, along with the discovery of new water sources, such as underground aquifers, greatly improved access to clean water. However, the increased demand for water, especially in urban areas, also led to

History, Contemporary Viewpoint, and Real-World Applications 3 concerns about water scarcity and pollution. This led to the establishment of laws and regulations to protect water sources and ensure safe drinking water for the population. In the United States, the development of water infrastructure was influenced by the expansion of the railroad system. This led to the construction of dams for irrigation, flood control, and hydroelectric power generation. The 20th century also saw the rise of bottled water as a popular beverage, and the development of water treatment technologies to make it safe for consumption. On a global scale, the United Nations declared access to clean water as a fundamental human right in 2010, highlighting the importance of water for life and development. However, despite the advancements in water usage and management, there are still many challenges, such as unequal distribution, water scarcity, and pollution, which need to be addressed. The topic of water has undergone significant developments throughout history, shaped by various cultural, social, and technological factors. From its initial use for agriculture and survival to its modern- day usages in industry, health, and infrastructure, water continues to play a crucial role in our lives. The contributions of ancient civilizations, such as the Romans and Greeks, and modern advancements in technology have shaped our understanding and usage of water. However, there is still much work to be done in ensuring equitable access to clean water for all and protecting this valuable resource for future generations. Section Two: Local Real‐World Applications and Specific Steps. The topic of local real-world applications and specific steps is one that holds significant importance in our society today. With the ever-increasing need for sustainable and environmentally friendly practices, it is crucial for individuals and communities to act towards

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History, Contemporary Viewpoint, and Real-World Applications 4 creating a better future for our planet. In this regard, there are numerous opportunities for change that can be identified and pursued at the local level. One of the primary opportunities for change in addressing this topic is the implementation of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels, in our communities. By utilizing solar energy, we can significantly reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and decrease our carbon footprint. This not only benefits the environment but also has the potential to save individuals and communities money in the long run. However, there are hurdles that must be overcome in order to fully embrace this opportunity. This includes the time required to implement and complete the installation of solar panels, as well as the ongoing maintenance and support needed for these systems. Another opportunity for change is in the area of water usage and waste management. With our planet facing a growing water crisis, it is crucial for communities to implement sustainable practices in these areas. This can include the use of greywater systems, rainwater harvesting, and composting to reduce water usage and waste production. However, there are challenges that must be addressed in order to successfully implement these practices. This includes financial limitations, as these systems may require an initial investment, and zoning or bylaw changes may need to be made in order to permit their installation. In addition to these specific opportunities for change, there are also broader challenges that must be addressed in order to create a sustainable and environmentally friendly community. This includes increasing awareness and education about the importance of sustainable practices, as well as overcoming resistance to change. It may also require collaboration and cooperation between different stakeholders, such as government agencies, businesses, and community members.

History, Contemporary Viewpoint, and Real-World Applications 5 References: The Nile and beyond: geopolitics of water. EEAS . (n.d.). https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/nile-and-beyond-geopolitics-water_en The Life-giving Spring: Water in Greek Religion, Ancient and Modern, a Comparison . (n.d.). Ship.edu. https://www.ship.edu/globalassets/proteus/volume26-45-haland.pdf Trusts, P. C. (2019, March 3). How Development of America’s Water Infrastructure Has Lurched Through History . The Pew Charitable Trusts. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/trend/archive/spring-2019/how-development-of-americas-water- infrastructure-has-lurched-through-history Basso, S. (2023, March 13). Water trends in water planning for 2023: Adaptation to available resources - IDRICA . IDRICA. https://www.idrica.com/blog/water-trends-in-water-planning-for-2023-adaptation-to-available- resources/

5-2 Milestone Two

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