Greek (my notes

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Oct 30, 2023

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Class 2: Early Greek history and Greek mythology: Bronze Age 3000-1200 B.C.: Provided metal (copper and tin) that was easy to make. Bronze making, we see power through the kingdoms. It was a weapon that created power and wealth. This started in Sumeria and Akkad in Mesopotamia, Babylon, second came Egypt. Then arises a third great power: The Minoans of Crete. 1. Mesopatamia 2. Egypt 3. Minoan Crete 4. Hitites of Asia Minor 5. The Mycenaen Civilization Each copycatted each other by chronological order. The Minoan Civilization of Crete: 1900-1490 B.C. NOT GREEK. The Greeks copycat their religion. Minos is the son of Zeus, was a very powerful king on the island of Crete. Arthur. Evans believes that the myths may be true. He found a palace, might have been the model for the labrynth. This is in Knossos, he uncovers this civilization, and artwork evidence, etc. He names this civilization Minoan. Evidence of copying Egypt (building). Shows worship of female principle. MIDTERM Need to know who they are and why they are called this (king minos): Wall painting: recovered by Evan, Fressco (wall painting outside). This shows the famous and mysterious of Minoan practice of bull leaping. Was inside the palace in large courtyards. Acrobat over the bull. The Males are painted brown and female white. A convention to show gender. Was it a sport? They had a thing for bulls, they worshiped them. King Minos has the appearance of the bull. The force war fleet with boats. Image of power and extension of power. The Mycenaen Civilization of mainland Greece: 1600-1200 B.C. Are Greeks. Copycatted Minoan. 1876 a brilliant amateur archeologist Schecumee? (German)had a theory, before Evans. He loved Homer. Theory: what if Agamemnon (king of Mycenae) was real, lead an expedition to Troy. Most powerful kingdom in early Greece. Found a rich and powerful civilization in the Bronze age. Found tombs with treasure. He named it the Mycenaean Civilization. Associated with Perseus and Herakles. They left behind writing that is Greek, (Linear B) a kind of writing on a stone (clay tablets). They also named the gods, Zeus, Hera, etc. The top Mycenaean cities: 1. Mycenae 2. Pylos 3. Thebes 4. Iolkos 5. Athens 6. Corinth Asia Minor and Cyprus (find it on the map) has pottery, Mycenae depended on copper and tin which makes bronze. Cyprus has copper (Cyprus is called Kupros) also gives access to trade. England and Afghanistan had tin. Long trade routes. Stopping the routes by troy of tin looks like

the Mycenae kingdom had a revolt (people were not happy). Revolt against the king. There might have been a real-life Trojan war. All of them were destroy in 1200 B.C. Whole city crashed down, may have fought each other. The Dark Age and storytelling: 1150-750 B.C. Bronze age is over. No writing, lost archeological proof that we cannot recover. Lived in wrecked village. Beginning of Greek mythology, the hero is son of a god. Heroes: Jason, Bellerophon, Atalanta, Herakles, Perseus, Theseus. After the Trojan war, the Gods were disgusted and decided to not impregnate mortal women, never mingled on earth. Maintained by oral storytelling. Bards (singers) or oral poets. Lifelong skill (expert on all the old stories). Accompanied an instrument (like a harp) called lyre, or lura. Had to maintain a certain beat. 800 B.C. first alphabet. Invented vowels letters. 600 B.C. literacy. The story would be written down when the stories were “fresh” The birth of Greek mythology circa 1100-700 B.C. 1400-1200 BC Names of gods from the Mycenaean tablets. The only one that is missing is Aphrodite, we also don’t see Demeter and Apollo. Can assume that they are under the list but in a different name. Ancient gods are Zeus and Hera. Hera might not have been worshiped from the Greeks first but adopted from another culture. She is a survival of a religion before Greek. Class 3: The Poets Homer and Hesiod Buxton pp.31-35, 44-48, 8 Homer is 750 BC, Hesiod is 700 BC. Homer is the earliest in literature, we only know his name, he’s described as being a male and blind. He was probably illiterate. Probably the best Greek barb. Hes done stories such as the Iliad and Odyssey. This Is the time the alphabet was invented, thought that he has told these stories verbally, but someone wrote his story down. The word Iliad means the story of Troy. The Odyssey means the story of Odysseus which takes place after the Trojan war which takes him 10 years to get back home. Hesiod wrote two poems that helps us studying mythology, they are called Theogony, which describes the birth of the gods. Hesiod and Homer sometimes have two different versions. A word on Greek name-spellings We see two different writings in Greek, there is translation in Greek to Roman, and there is Greek ending or Latin ending, Ex: Hephaistos and Hephaestus. Athene and Athena. Polydeuces and Polydeukes. C can be K, and os can be us. The 12 Olympian gods Buxton pp. 68-85, 44-49 That are called Olympian gods because they live on Mount Olympus. Olympia is where the Olympian games where held. Heroes Herakles and Heroes were in these games. We are talking about the gods as a religious worship. Get an idea of how they were worshipped. In the religion and mythology every god constitute two separate “compartments”. We also look into their personality. This sometimes contradict their human function. They sometimes come across

childish and cruel. Olympians gods are a family business to run the business. The stories do not indicate who the gods are. Ex: Dionysus in stories was born last, but he is the same age as Zeus. Zeus: His Grandfather is called Ouranos (sky). Then his father called Kronos. He becomes the king of the Gods after killing his father. Father or a brother of all the Olympian gods. Siblings are Hera, Hades, Poseidon, Demeter, MISSING ONE. He created a world of law and order, social contract, working of the world instead of savagery. A title he has was Zeus Horkios (oath), Xenios (social contract). God that people take refuge and sanctuary. Three stories of Zeus (p.93 Helios. Has a son called Phaethon and he drives the carriage. Zeus sees him recklessly driving (the sun moving so fast). Apollo has a son called Asclepius (p.91). He is a Greek Hero. He is the first doctor. He teaches his divine to his son. He finds a man dead and brings he back to life. Zeus was not pleased, he takes a thunderbolt and kills both of them. He went against the clockwork of the world and had to correct it. Another story in the Iliad, Zeus was watching Sarpedon (A Hero, Zeus’s son), Zeus brings in a scale of fate (two pans), Sarpedon fate weighs down on the scale. Zeus says to Hera, should I save him? She says, “bad president, are you going to do it for everyone”, cannot overrule the clockwork of the world. Hera: Zeus’s wife and sister. Goddess of marriage, child birth, mothers, family. She was born in Samos and Argos. She is infuriated with Zeus’s cheating. The women Zeus impregnates are Leto, Io, Semele, in which she persecutes them (even the children). The Dios Apaté (the deception of Zeus). Hera comes with an idea to get Zeus to fall asleep, when he does, they would help the Greeks. She took the belt from Aphrodite and she goes to her husband, which distracts him. He then snaps he snapped his fingers and made him fall asleep. Afterwards kill the Trojans. (Artemis, Athena are virgin goddess. Persephone was worshipped as a maiden then wife when she was abducted by Hades). Has two children called Ares and Hephaestus. Apollo: He is son of Zeus and a demi god called Leto, has a twin called Artemis. (pp73-75). God of music, wisdom, medicine, and the god of disease. Imagined as an archer (like his sister) both are hunters. Gentle arrows are disease. God of worship of appeasement (leave us in peace). God of Apella, (in Sparta) assembly of citizens with is called Apella (might mean god of the assembly). Which are the male citizens that are in the middle and upper class. God of young men to manhood. Was seen as 17 (seen as most beautiful age). Kouros means male youth. He was imagined as extremely wise. He was a god of prophecy (Zeus as well). Delphi is the most important shrine to Apollo (god of prophecy). Ambiguity of the Delphic Oracle. Not as seen to be close to humans. Artemis: Sister of Apollo. Goddess of wilderness places. Virgin goddess. Purity of wilderness places. Prince of thieves called Actaeon hunting with his hound. He catches Artemis bathing in the spring, she is displeased, she snaps his fingers and turns him to a deer. He is surrounded by his dogs in which they kill him afterwards. She is the mistress of wild animals. Goddess of the hunt, and friends with the animals. Title called her Potnia Theron (mistress of wild animals). Special protective relationship with little girls, protection of readiness of marriage, being a virgin. “The little Bears of Artemis” the little girls (girl scouts) to teach them to be a “women” and would protect them. She was also a goddess of childbirth. Hero interfered Leto to give birth, Artemis is first born, she immediately helps her give birth to her twin brother. Athena: She is the patron deity of Athens and Sparta. She is pictured in male armour. Another virgin goddess. One of her functions is the defender of the heart of the city (sanctuaries, etc).

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she is not to be penetrated (attacking the city). She is intelligent. Oversees human planning and skills, technology, military strategy. Her animal is the owl (wise). Patron goddess of Heroes. Helps Herakles, Odysseus, and Perseus. She is a goddess of wisdom, and carpentry Poseidon: Brother of Zeus. Given the realm of the sea. God of sea, horses, earthquake, and bulls. He is seen as power and strength. He is an image of Zeus’s physical strength. He is not intelligent. His personality is seen as temperamental. Personality reflections of the ocean. POS means power. His name is Greek. He have 15 mermaid daughters called Nereus, Nereids, Proteus, Triton, Amphitríté (wife of Poseidon). We see interactions between Poseidon and Athena, but she outsmarts him. She gifted Athens olive trees. Aphrodite: NOT DONE Demeter: Demeter is Zeus sister. Zeus and Demeter have a child called Persephone Ares: Hephaestus: Hermes: Dionysus: Relation with a human and the god Dionysus. Only God that has a human woman. Mother died, Zeus took unborn child and placed it in his thigh. Was born from Zeus’s thigh. He is also called dimétor, meaning two mothers. Last god to arrive.