culture

Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA) Plag report 001 Culture George Kamau Document Details Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2744112146 Submission Date Nov 8, 2023, 1:50 PM GMT+8 Download Date Nov 8, 2023, 1:54 PM GMT+8 File Name culture.docx File Size 39.0 KB 7 Pages 1,759 Words 10,183 Characters Page 1 of 9 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2744112146 Page 1 of 9 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2744112146

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Last Name 2 often surrendered in the face of collective ethos (Endo “ Performativity and Spirituality in Noh Theater ” 107). Zeami ’ s “ Atsumori ” reflects this internal conflict, portraying a protagonist ensnared by “ giri, ” navigating the moral intricacies that accompany the burdensome duty of taking a life, a narrative that Endo scrutinizes to reveal deeper cultural insights (Endo “ Performativity and Spirituality in Noh Theater ” 107). While the notion of “ giri ” delineated the unwavering duty binding the samurai, the concept of “ kana ” represented the profound undercurrent of sorrow inherent in their existence. This term encapsulated the grief born from the ephemeral nature of life, a stark reality for samurai who often met their end by the very sword they lived by (Gilomen and Fish 3). “ Kana ” was not merely an emotion but a reflection of the tremendous cost of abiding by “ giri, ” with the grim specter of ceaseless war casting melancholy shadows that permeated the samurai psyche. The arts, specifically Noh theater, emerged as an outlet for this collective mourning, channeling the existential melancholy of the samurai into performances like Zeami ’ s “ Atsumori. ” As Jamieson ’ s analysis reveals, Noh theater strategically employed evocative language and vivid imagery to give life to “ kana ” on stage by manifesting the internal turmoil samurai felt toward loss and the fleeting nature of existence (Jamieson 137). Through the embodiment of “ kana, ” Noh performances like “ Atsumori ” allowed the bereavement inherent in the samurai condition to be expressed artistically through theatre. Thus, the interweaving of honor and sorrow in “ Atsumori ” is emblematic of the deeper existential tension within the samurai condition. As Yukihide Endo observes, the interplay between the actors and audience in Noh drama frequently reflects the real-life friction between “ giri ” and “ kana, ” whereby the pursuit of honor inevitably culminates in a confrontation with sadness (Endo “ Intertextuality in Noh Plays: The Text Interacting with the Audience ” 81). This Page 4 of 9 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2744112146 Page 4 of 9 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2744112146

Last Name 3 profound duality constitutes a pivotal theme in “ Atsumori, ” underscoring the complexity of the samurai ethos and the emotional profundity undergirding it. The play encapsulates how the path of honor or “ giri ” mandated by the samurai code paradoxically led to deep wells of sorrow or “ kana. ” One of the dramatic elements applied is structure. Zeami strategically structures “ Atsumori ” in two distinct parts, aligning with the conventional jo-ha- kyū format of Noh thea ter. The opening segment establishes the characters and historical backdrop, while the latter portion probes the emotional intricacies of the tale, investigating the key themes through action and discourse (Endo “ Performativity and Spirituality in Noh Theater ” 107). This bifurcated composition is instrumental in dramatizing honor and sorrow. The initial exposition lays the foundation for comprehending the samurai ’ s “ giri, ” whereas the ensuing sections artfully unravel the consequent “ kana, ” interweaving the protagonist ’ s internal and external conflicts (Jamieson 137). This format allows Zeami to methodically build the context of honor in the first act before plunging into the melancholy that flows from adhering to the samurai code. Zeami ’ s use of poetic language in “ Atsumori ” elevates the literary richness of the text, with verses that resonate with the elegance and complexity innate to the samurai ethos (Jamieson 137). This astute linguistic choice not only infuses lyrical splendor into the discourse but also deepens the thematic exploration of honor and sorrow. The evocative imagery and metaphors interspersed throughout the drama, such as the frequent allusions to nature and the seasons, enrich the multilayered narrative. These poetic devices imbue the tale with intricate layers of meaning that profoundly reflect on the fleeting magnificence of life and the inescapable melancholy that accompanies mortality (Gilomen and Fish 3). For instance, Zeami draws on the Page 5 of 9 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2744112146 Page 5 of 9 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2744112146

Last Name 5 Noh Plays ” 81). Zeami uses contrast to illustrate the impermanent and ephemeral nature of life, a concept integral to the samurai ethos and spiritual essence of Noh theater (Endo “ Performativity and Spirituality in Noh Theater ” 107). Foreshadowing is another pivotal dramatic technique Zeami dexterously employs in “ Atsumori ” to hint at the impending tragedy, subtly weaving in omens that create an atmosphere ripe with portent. When the chorus sings, “ The flower of his youth / Must scatter as the blossom / Of the morning glory... ” it grimly foretells Atsumori ’ s premature demise (Motokiyo 23). Such anticipatory hints gradually lead the audience toward the inevitable climax of Atsumori ’ s death on the battlefield. The emotional impact of this foreshadowing is profound, as it primes the spectator for the looming sorrow, deepening the experience of the play ’ s tragic conclusion (Jamieson 137). Furthermore, the use of foreshadowing reflects the ineluctability of destiny in the samurai domain, where honor often has a steep price (Gilomen and Fish 3). Foreshadowing not only sets the stage for calamity but also immerses the audience into the worldview where honor may portend one ’ s undoing. Finally, irony is masterfully embedded throughout “ Atsumori, ” particularly in how the protagonist ’ s noble intentions ultimately culminate in tragic consequences. A pivotal example arises when Atsumori recounts how his adherence to bushidō led him to proudly declare, “ To die for one ’ s lord is the only death that counts ” (Motokiyo 32). Yet this very commitment to samurai honor code ironically results in his untimely demise in the battle, exemplifying the cruel irony of honor in a volatile world marked by conflict and mortality (Miyahara and Segundo-Ortin 192). Through this ironic twist, Zeami accentuates the unpredictability of fate while offering a poignant commentary on the intricate interplay between duty and personal ethics for the samurai Page 7 of 9 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2744112146 Page 7 of 9 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2744112146

Last Name 6 navigating a tumultuous era. The irony underscores how noble goals can sometimes lead to disastrous ends. In conclusion, Zeami Motokiyo ’ s masterpiece “ Atsumori ” represents a profound exemplar of the finesse of Noh theater, deftly portraying the samurai ’ s inner conflict between honor and the inescapable melancholy that trails it. Through minimalist yet potent storytelling using symbolic designs and lyrical dialogue, the drama encapsulates the quintessence of Noh while offering a timeless reflection on the human experience. Zeami ’ s work vividly dramatizes the internal anguish of its characters, providing a glimpse into the samurai psyche, characterized by the weighty notions of “ giri ” and “ kana. ” The play ’ s meticulous construction and integration of dramatic techniques such as juxtaposition, portents, and paradoxes not only recount a historical event but also elicit a deeper philosophical rumination on the ephemeral magnificence of life and the enduring nature of grief. Through “ Atsumori, ” Zeami strikes a harmonious equilibrium between narrating history and probing existential ideas, establishing it as a consummate work within the Noh repertoire that persists in resonating with audiences centuries later. The play ’ s elegant exploration of honor and sorrow via dramatic craft remains relevant even today, transcending its medieval origins. Page 8 of 9 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2744112146 Page 8 of 9 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2744112146