EVSP 330_Homework 1

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Homework #1 – EVSP330 – Fish and Wildlife Policies, Programs, and Issues Please respond to each question below. Cited sources, including textbook references ARE REQUIRED. Question 1. Summarize management of fisheries by the FCMA in the 1970s. First passed in 1976, the Fishery Conservation and Management Act (FCMA) established a fishery conservation zone that was more robust than the previous limits of the United States (U.S.) fishery control from 12 miles to a new extended range to 200 miles offshore. Other nations followed suit by expanding their zones to this distance to help control their waters, which helped to remove foreign fishing fleets which were depleting fish stocks. FCMA also formed a new structure of a decentralized, democratic fisheries groups were the public acted as advisors to help the decision makers and council on major events and decisions by dividing them into eight regional fishery management councils to execute its authority. The overall objective of FCMA, is to prevent overfishing off U.S. coastal waters increasing food production, economic aid, and funding for fishery management (Hanna et al., 2000, p. 26-27). Reference: Hanna, S., Blough, H., Allen, R., Iudicello, S., Matlock, G., & McCay, B. (2000). Fishing grounds: Defining a new era for American fisheries management. New York, NY: Island Press. Question 2. Describe three specific attitudes towards wildlife management as defined by Kellert (1984) that best describe yourself. How have your attitudes changed over time? (25 points) From the author Stephen Kellert’s works on American Attitude Towards and Knowledge of Animals: An Update , research indicated 10 tyoplogies of basic attitudes towards animals as; Naturalistic, Ecologistic, Humanistic, Moralistic, Scientistic, Aesthetic, Utilitarian, Dominionistic, Negativistic, and Neutralistic with their own definitions of their meaning (Kellert, 1984, p. 179). Upon reading of these works and understanding these definitions, I would say that I have a naturalistic, ecologistic, and scientistic attitudes. The naturalistic attitude refers to a deep passion for the outdoors, wildlife, and nature (Kellert, 1984, p. 179). I have always had this passion for the outdoors and the lessons that I have learned from hunting, fishing, camping, and hiking with my family over the years have only strengthened this attitude and appreciation for the outdoors. So, it is easy for me to say that my opinion over the years has only strengthened this attitude. An ecologistic attitude is the concern for the environment as a system with relationships between wildlife species and the natural habitat (Kellert, 1984, p. 179). This naturally falls in line with the first attitude mentioned as without management, policies, regulations, or law to protect the environment and relationships between species and habitat would cause damage to the ecosystem. My opinion over the years has again strengthened towards this attitude as the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the importance of preserving them as I am now a father, I can appreciate passing on the outdoor traditions that I grew up on.

With a scientistic attitude towards animals is described as an interest in biology and understanding the basic structures of life (Kellert, 1984, p. 179). I believe that every living creature on this earth has its purpose and within that they each have their own unique design that has always fascinated me. Through achieving this degree, I had the opportunity to attend a biology course which has taught me even more of the importance of every living creature on our planet. Again, this attitude has strengthened and changed over time as I have continually learned the importance of all organisms. Overall, these attitudes best describe myself as I feel that I have a strong connection to nature, an appreciation for its complexity, an interdependence to it, with an interest in scientific understanding, and a sense of moral responsibility towards wildlife management. Reference Kellert, S.R. (1984). American attitudes toward and knowledge of animals: An update. In M.W. Fox & L.D. Mickley (Eds.), Advances in animal welfare science 1984/85 (pp. 177-213). Washington, DC: The Humane Society of the United States. Question 3. Describe the history and philosophy of fisheries and wildlife use in the United States prior to the 1970s. (25 points) Wildlife and fishery conservation in the United States prior to the 1970s was not completely non-existent but it is not as nearly robust as it is today. Many practices prior to this date severely crippled wildlife and fishery populations as they were minimally regulated or did not have clear guidance. This led to the first federal created agency focused on conservation known as the U.S. Commission on Fish and Fisheries in 1871. This marked an important step towards recognizing the need for conservation efforts. The Lacey Act, established in 1900, was the first federal law aimed at protecting fish and game. This law provided legal protection for wildlife species by prohibiting their illegal trade or transportation (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, n.d.). Our key leaders like President Theodore Roosevelt took our national conservation seriously and played a crucial role in promoting nature conservation by establishing the National Park System to protect natural areas of significance importance and other succeeding presidents have followed in his path by implementing conservation acts (U.S. Department of the Interior, 2021). Some notable movements and acts included the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which protected migratory birds across international borders; The Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge established in 1924; The Alaska Game Law enacted in 1925; and The Committee on Wildlife Restoration formed in 1934. Then in 1940, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) was officially created by merging two existing agencies, the Bureau of Biological Surveys and the Bureau of Fisheries. The FWS played a vital role in promoting wildlife preservation (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, n.d.). After World War II ended, American fisheries experienced significant changes as new technological advancements also made it easier to locate fish populations. Also in 1945, U.S. jurisdiction over offshore areas encompassing the continental shelves was declared through the Truman Proclamation, leading to the creation of the Fisheries Conservation Zone (Hanna et al., 2000, p. 24).

The conservation movement continued to gain momentum in the 1950s and 1960s. Several acts were passed during this time, including the Fish and Wildlife Act in 1956, Refuge Restoration Act in 1962, Land and Water Conservation Act and Wilderness Act in 1964, and National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act in 1966 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, n.d.). However, due to concerns about foreign fishermen exploiting U.S. waters and overfishing, a fishing zone stretching 12 miles offshore was established by the government in 1966 but was noted as ineffective by the 1970s (Hanna et al., 2000, p. 24). References Hanna, S., Blough, H., Allen, R., Iudicello, S., Matlock, G., & McCay, B. (2000). Fishing grounds: Defining a new era for American fisheries management. New York, NY: Island U.S. Department of the Interior. (2021). Theodore Roosevelt and the National Park System. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/trandthenpsystem.htm U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (n.d.). History of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. https://www.fws.gov/history-of-fws Question 4. Explain what is meant by the terms "growth overfishing," "recruitment overfishing" and "by-catch." (25 points) “Growth overfishing” refers to the situation where fish are being harvested before they have reached their full size or growth potential. This means that the average size of the fish being caught is smaller than what it could have been if they were allowed to grow further. As a result, a larger number of fish are caught, but this does not necessarily impact the ability of the fish species population to reproduce and replace themselves (International Seafood Sustainability Foundation, 2023). “Recruitment overfishing” occurs when overfishing leads to a decline in the number of mature and adult fish that are able to reproduce. This reduction in reproductive individuals can eventually lead to a collapse in population numbers, as there are not enough individuals left to sustain or replenish the population (International Seafood Sustainability Foundation, 2023). “By-catch” refers to any other species that are unintentionally caught during fishing operations, aside from the main target species. These can include animals such as dolphins, sea turtles, and other marine life that are accidentally caught then the targeted species. This “by-catch” is either kept or discarded depending on regulations and practices (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). References International Seafood Sustainability Foundation. (2023). Growth overfishing. Glossary. https://www.iss- foundation.org/glossary/growth-overfishing/#:~:text=Growth%20overfishing%20occurs%20when %20fish,are%20usually%20size%20or%20age.

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International Seafood Sustainability Foundation. (2023). Recruitment overfishing. Glossary. https://www.iss-foundation.org/glossary/recruitment-overfishing/#:~:text=A%20situation%20in %20which%20the,stock%20has%20become%20significantly%20reduced. Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Bycatch definition & meaning. Definition. https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/bycatch#:~:text=by%C2%B7%E2%80%8Bcatch%20%CB%88b%C4%AB%2D%CB %8Ckach,of%20marine%20animals%20caught%20unintentionally

EVSP 330_Homework 1

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