Skull_Data_Lab_Part2_ReadMeFile

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Fayetteville State University *

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Anthropology

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Jan 9, 2024

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This ReadMe file was generated by Alexis Herboek and Shayla Armstrong on March 9, 2022 GENERAL INFORMATION: Title of project: Skull Structure and Data Analysis Lab Part 2 1. Author Information: Alexis Herboek Institution: University of Oklahoma Email: alexisherboek@ou.edu Shayla Armstrong Institution: University of Oklahoma Email: shayla.k.armstrong-1@ou.edu 2. Date of data collection: 03/09/2022 3. Data of data analyses: 03/09/2022 & 03/15/2022 4. Geographic location of data collection: BIOL 1134-23, Richards Hall 0167, Norman, Oklahoma, USA DATA FILE: Section23_1134_Skull_Structure_Data_Analysis_Pt2.xlsx Description of tabs in data file: 1. Raw_Data: this tab contains the lengths of the in-lever temporalis (ILT), in-lever masseser (ILM), outer-lever canines/incisor (OLC), and outer-lever molars (OLM), in millimeters for various carnassials (wolverine, hyena, otter, cheetah, cougar, coyote, seal, bear, bobcat, black-footed ferret, wolf, skunk, jaguar, racoon), primates (female and male bonobo, human, siamang, male and female orangutan, chimp, howler, mandrill, and male and female gorilla), and lanrodungs (sheep, beaver, deer, rabbit, okapi, horse, prairie dog, capybara, pika, moose, and water deer). To the far right, the calculated advantages for each species are listed. The ILM/OLM is in column H, the ILT/OLM is in column I, the ILM/OLC is in column J, and the ILT/OLC is in column K. The species category is in column A, and the species are in column B. The ILM is in column C, the ILT is in column D, the OLM is column E, and the OLC is in column F. 2. Processed_Data: on this tab, we calculated the central tendencies for the ILM/OLC advantage for each of the species categories. We sorted out the animals between carnassials, primates, and ladrodung. We put each of the ILM/OLC advantages for the carnassials in column B, the primate in column C, and the ladrodung in column D. At the bottom of each column, we listed the mean, median, mode, and standard deviation for each category. This shows the average ILM/OLC advantage (mean), how much the data deviates from this average (standard deviation), the center of the range of the data (median), and the most common advantage (mode). 3. Analyzed_Data: on this tab, we performed an ANOVA test on the data in the Processed_Data tab in order to determine if there was a significant difference between the three data sets. We added what the results told us, and we highlighted the P-value which is how we determined what the results were from this test. Since the P-value was
less than 5%, this tells us that there is a statistically significant difference in the ILM/OLC between carnassials, primates, and lagrodungs. 4. Figures_ILMbyOLC: on this tab, we created a table and bar graph to show the central tendencies for each category. The feeding type category is in column A, its mean ILM/OLC is in column B, its median ILM/OLC is in columb C, and its standard deviation is in column D. PROCEDURES AND ANALYSIS: 1. To start off this lab, we identified different bones within the jaw structure for the skulls at our lab station, which were a black bear, a ferret, and a bobcat. 2. We measured the lengths of the in-lever temporalis (ILT), in-lever masseser (ILM), outer- lever canines/incisor (OLC), and outer-lever molars (OLM) in mm for the black bear, ferret, and bobcat. We gave these measurements to our TA, who entered them into a spreadsheet that included the rest of our class’s data. 3. Our TA calculated different advantages at different parts of the jaw which were the ILM/OLM, the ILT/OLM, the ILM/OLC, and the ILT/OLC. This can be found under the Mec Adv on the Raw_Data tab. 4. We sorted out the species between carnassials, primates, and lagrodungs, and chose to do the further statistical test on the ILM/OLC. a. We listed the ILM/OLC for each species under either carnassial, primate, or lagrodung to organize our data. b. We calculated the mean, median, mode and standard deviation for each category and included those in out table as well. 5. We then did an ANOVA test for these categories. a. This tells us if there is a significant difference between our data sets by looking at the p-value. b. Software used for our data analysis: Microsoft Excel 6. We then created a bar graph to show off the central tendencies for each of the categories. This can be found on the BarGraph_ILMbyOLC tab. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 1. p > 0.05, indicating that there is a significant difference in the mechanical advantage at the ILM/OLC versus the animal’s feeding type. 2. The results suggest that the primates have a higher mechanical advantage at the ILM/OLC, followed by the lagrodung, and finally the carnassials.
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