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Viking Shipbuilding UMGC Library Article 1: Eggertsson, Gunnar. “Viking Ships” Marine Technology and SNAME News 43, no. 4 (October 26, 2006): 20-6, https://www.proquest.com/docview/211771903?accountid=14580 Author Background: Eggertsson lived his whole life around sailing and shipbuilding. He has obtained the title of master shipbuilder and has even constructed and sailed his own ships across the Atlantic. Publishing Organization Background: The Marine Technology and SNAME News is a peer reviewed news source containing articles from a wide variety of authors and professionals. Thesis/Argument: The author states that techniques used in the Viking sailing age are still used in today’s ship practices. The example given are rope needles used to tighten down and fasten sails in old times and used to fasten automobiles to ferries in modern times. Another strong example talked about but not mentioned as still used technology is the Keel of ships. Vikings were the first to build ships with a strong ridged keel that gave the boat the ability to flex without breaking or become unstable in the ocean. Main Points: There is abundant support from this article to provide examples for use of Viking age technology still in use today. There is a lot to be said about tradition keeping and letting a process evolve over time as information is lost to time. This is a prime example of finding the root of your ancestors’ traditions and proving that their work was something that would be kept for generations and shape the world as a whole. Evidence: The evidence used is that of the authors own experiences and knowledge. Degree of Bias: This article pulls from the authors personal life experience in his mastery of shipbuilding. Since he has gone into so much detail on his findings and there are so many other sources that cite his work, I do not believe there is much bias to be found. The main goal of his writing was to share the

findings of what it is like to build and said a replica hand-built ship. The only bias I could think of is his own personal bias for the passion he has for his projects. Accuracy: There is not much to compare to Eggertssons’ mostly personal experiences. However, what he talks about is in line with the other source that I used in that it provides a glimpse into the decision Vikings made while shipbuilding and how they could shape tradition and advances in technology. Comparison to Other Sources: I am not sure that there are many still alive that have the singular first- hand experience and knowledge of the author. It seems like an entire lifetime dedicated to the art of shipbuilding and aligning with traditions passed down would be a hard source to find a comparison to. Assessment of Suitability for Academic Research: This source is suitable for academic research because it provides the Insite and knowledge of one of the few Nordic master shipbuilders still around today. UMGC Library Article 2: Tríona Sørensen, and Martin Rodevad Dael. 2020. “Roar Ege: The Lifecycle of a Reconstructed Viking Ship.” EXARC Journal , no. 2020/2 (May). https://search-ebscohost- com.ezproxy.umgc.edu/login.aspx? direct=true&db=edsdoj&AN=edsdoj.b74e127b21714b3b922a862d0b91a6a8&site=eds- live&scope=site . In the 2020 article, Sorensen, and Dael cover the lifecycle and documentation of a reconstructed Viking longship, the Roar Ege, and what it took to maintain her for over 30 years. Author Background: Sorensen is a maritime archeologist that has worked at many sites and museums. Dael I could not find much information on but seems to be connected to Viking shipbuilding in some capacity. Publishing Organization Background: The publishing organization is a group called EXARC for experimental archology. It is affiliated with 350 members and 100 museums. The article itself if peer reviewed.

Thesis/ Argument: The author argues that the Roar Ege project, a reconstructed Viking ship, serves as a significant case study shedding light on the complexities of experimental maritime archaeology. This study delves into the consequences of vessel aging, the intricacies of maintenance and repair procedures, and their implications for comprehending Viking Age shipbuilding techniques and maritime activities. Main Points: The text primarily discusses Roar Ege, a reconstructed Viking ship that served for over 30 years, providing a valuable dataset for maritime experimental archaeology. It delves into the challenges faced in maintaining and repairing clinker-built boats, such as issues related to rot and the corrosion of iron fastenings, while also exploring the potential resistance to corrosion of Viking Age bog iron. Additionally, the retirement of Roar Ege prompts discussions about the endpoint of archaeological experiments, the impact of seasonal use on ship longevity, and the influence of saltwater salinity on ship preservation, offering insights into the resources required for maintaining reconstructed vessels. Evidence: The evidence is based on a full ship reconstruction and has very detailed documentation of the repairs made over time. Degree of Bias: The provided text appears to be a scholarly article or research paper, and as such, it typically aims for objectivity and impartiality rather than exhibiting explicit bias. The author's primary goal appears to be the presentation and analysis of data related to the Roar Ege reconstructed Viking ship and its role in maritime experimental archaeology. The intended audience for such academic work would likely include archaeologists, historians, researchers, and scholars interested in Viking Age ships, experimental archaeology, and maritime history. Accuracy: I believe this source to be accurate. Comparison to Other Sources: This source aligns with other articles I have read that share a similar composition.

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Assessment of Suitability for Academic Research: This source is suitable for academic research because it provides valuable information about the Roar Ege Viking ship project, its historical context, and the challenges involved in maintaining a reconstructed Viking ship over time. It offers insights into experimental archaeology and contributes to our understanding of Viking Age shipbuilding and seafaring. Web Article 1: Johnsen, Jesper, et al. “Professions” Vikingeskibs Museet, Accessed September 2, 2023. https://www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk/en/professions Author Background: Morten Ravn Publishing Organization Background: The Vikingeskibs Museet, or Viking museum, Is a collection of many anthropologist and other historians that are dedicated to unearthing the entire culture, process, and people behind Viking culture and shipbuilding. Thesis/Argument: The author of this article is drawing lines between tradition and the way tradition can be changed and shaped to fit what is going on around it. The fact that Scandinavian countries still use clinker boat designs 2000 years later in their fishing and working boats of similar size is a testament to the ingenuity and design that was developed by their ancestors to stand through time even with modern engines to propel them. This shows that Viking shipbuilding and the community that surrounded it had to have been extremely robust to support these ships being built to cross oceans with iron and bronze technology. Main Points: There are many research projects past and ongoing conducted at the museum. These have a wide range of every aspect of Nordic shipbuilding and the technology used down to accurate metallurgy and how boats were caulked.

Evidence: All past projects are peer reviewed and published in some form or have become a research book. Current project studies are all conducted by either Ph.D. students or Drs. The evidence provided by the author was validated by the project conducted. Degree of Bias: Overall, this resource appears well collected. There could be some bias in the many different other articles and journals cited within. Another thing to consider is that focus of this writing is how tradition has shaped shipbuilding and had an influence on the design and history of how Vikings built their ships. Seeing as how a lot of Nordic tradition was passed down by word of mouth and very little texts remain from that time there could be a lot lost to time and personal bias of who continued the tradition. Accuracy: I think the amount of people working together at the museum would cause most projects to have a high level of accuracy and feedback before final publication. Comparison to Other Sources: I am sure there are other studies and museums that conduct similar studies as this one. But the scale at which the research is conducted and the fact they have created a replica village to recreate every aspect and step of shipbuilding makes this source stand out to me. Assessment of Suitability of Academic Research: This source is suitable for academic research because the museum itself is already dedicated to academic research projects and what it is like to be in a shipbuilding community. Web Article 2: Thomas Dhoop & Juan pablo ‐ Olaberria (2015) Practical Knowledge in the Viking Age: the use of mental templates in clinker shipbuilding, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 44:1, 95- 110, DOI: 10.1111/1095-9270.12081 This article discusses Viking Age boat construction, emphasizing the controlled process guided by simple rules-of-thumb and the use of mental templates based on geometry to shape hulls. It highlights

the integration of theory and practice, challenging the notion that boat builders were merely skilled workmen and underscoring the importance of cognitive aspects in technology. Author Background: Thomas Dhoop and Juan-pablo Olaberria both work for the Centre for Maritime Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton. Publishing Organization Background: The publishing organization for this article is the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, an academic press. This is a peer reviewed article and is well cited. Thesis/ Argument: The author argues that Viking Age shipbuilders employed a concept of "mental templates" based on simple geometric rules-of-thumb to shape the hulls of their ships. Main Points: The author's argument revolves around the concept that Viking Age shipbuilders possessed a unique system of knowledge and practice, which enabled them to construct ship hulls with precision and control. This system, referred to as "mental templates," relied on fundamental geometric principles rather than relying solely on visual craftsmanship. Additionally, the author underscores the seamless integration of theoretical understanding and practical skills within this craft tradition, challenging the modern division between design and execution in shipbuilding. Evidence: The author employs several types of evidence to support their argument. They draw upon historical and archaeological findings related to Viking Age shipbuilding techniques, such as the construction of clinker-built ships. Additionally, the author references the writings and research of various scholars in the field of maritime archaeology and boatbuilding history. The credibility of the evidence appears reasonable, as it is drawn from established archaeological and historical research in the field. Degree of Bias: The source appears to have minimal bias, presenting a hypothesis about Viking Age shipbuilding techniques in a scholarly manner. The author's goal is to propose the concept of mental

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templates as an explanation for how shipbuilders achieved complex hull shapes. The intended audience seems to be scholars and researchers in maritime archaeology and Viking studies. Accuracy: I believe this source to be accurate. Comparison to Other Sources: This source aligns with other articles I have read that share a similar composition. Assessment of Suitability for Academic Research: This source is suitable for academic research because it presents a well-reasoned hypothesis supported by evidence and aligns with scholarly standards in the field of maritime archaeology.

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