Midterm #1- Art 100-2

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San Bernardino Valley College *

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100

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Anthropology

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Jan 9, 2024

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Midterm #1 Slide Identification (3 points each): Title of the work, country or place of origin, and date it was created. Other aspects could include artist’s name, style used, materials used, size of work, significance of the artwork. 1. Water worn pebble, Makapansgat, South Africa. 3,000,000 BCE 2. Chauvet Cave, France. 32,000-28,000 BCE 3. Venus of Willendorf, Austria. 25,000 BP 4. Mask of Warka, Iraq. 3,200-3000 BCE 5. Tell Asmar Hoard, Iraq. 2,900-2,500 BCE 6. Bull Headed Lyre, Ur. 2,550-2450 BCE 7. Head of Sargon, King of Akkad, Nineveh. 2,334-2,154 BCE 8. Code of Hammurabi, Iran. 1,775-1,750 BCE 9. Human-headed Winged Bull (Lamassu), Nimrud. 883-859 BCE 10. Ishtar Gate, Iraq. 575 BCE Short Answer (2 points each. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate answer.) 1. _________Symbolic Thought_____ is the representation of reality through the use of abstract concepts such as words, gestures, and numbers. 2. An __________artifact_____________ is any object made or modified by a human. 3. ____________Iconography_____________ is the symbolic meaning of subjects and signs used to convey ideas important to a particular culture or religion. 4. The Greek philosopher ________Plato____________ was interested in idealism, symmetry, and proportion. 5. The Greek philosopher _______ Aristotle ______________ was interested in mimesis (imitation). 6. _________Aesthetics____________ is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.

7. Lithos is Latin for ________stone____________. 8. ______________ Homo Habilis ____________ are credited with development of making stone tools. 9. Homo erectus are credited with the development of ________symmetry_____________. 10. _______ Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis ______________ are credited with the development of architecture, ritualized burials, ritualized offerings. 11. Homo sapiens sapiens (Cro-Magnon) are credited with the development of __________image making_______________. 12. __________Architecture_____________ is an enclosed space with at least some aesthetic intent. 13. The ________Neolithic Revolution____________ was the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture, the domestication of animals, and settlement. 14. In Western and Northern Europe, people used huge stones to erect ceremonial structures and tombs referred to as, ____Megalithic__________ architecture. 15. A _______stele________ is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected for funerals or commemorative purposes. 16. Ziggurats were huge stepped structures with a ______temple or shrine____________ on top. 17. __________Votive figures__________, images dedicated to the gods, were stand-ins for the worshipper, offering up prayers in the donor’s absence. 18. ________Hierarchial Scale_____________ is a technique used in art, mostly in sculpture and painting, in which the artist uses unnatural proportion or scale to depict the relative importance of the figures in the artwork. 19. ____Iconoclasm________ is the deliberate destruction of religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually with religious or political motives. 20. Coins function as economic standards, small artworks, and as ______Propoganda___________. Essay (Worth 30 points) : Do a search for ‘Stonehenge Riverside Project’. You will find relevant materials highlighted in the Page ‘Art of the Neolithic’. Explain what the team discovered and what we know about the area surrounding Stonehenge through their research. Be sure to include the conclusion of the Stonehenge Riverside Project. You will find relevant materials highlighted in the Page ‘Art of the Neolithic’. All the major talking points are included in the lecture ‘Art of the Neolithic’. Stonehenge Riverside Project

The Stonehenge Riverside Project was an archeological discovery made by Professor Mike Parker Pearson and his team of experts, uncovered in the year of 2003. Excavations were continuously made over the course of 6 years, and the early hypothesis was concerned about what the monument represented, to which experts speculated that it may have been related to the ceremonial timber and earth complex of the Durrington walls. The team also wondered if Woodhenge would challenge any of these questions they had for this monument. Of course, this was just a hypothesis to start, surveys of the land perhaps presenting to them an answer they weren’t quite ready enough to fully face head-on. In the early stages of uncovering Stonehenge, it was found that there was a wide variety of evidence left behind. Actions such as ritualized murder and execution were believed to have taken place. This is corresponding with the remains of cremation, implications of over 240 burials, and evidence of honoring ancestors, which is a process called procession. So far, the hypothesis was slowly beginning to make sense, but then the more evidence that was uncovered, the more the experts had reconsidered their conclusion. The evidence of feasting and honoring fertility rites had coincided with Woodhenge, which was also an area not far from Stonehenge that seemed to be a place to hold processions. This was all found during the 2003 surveys and 2004 excavations, which had amounted to being a plentiful couple years of research so far. In the years 2005-2006, over 20 researchers and 170 students were included in the further research of Stonehenge, more fieldwork carried out 2 miles east. Experts re-exposed a timber circle that was previously discovered in 1967, to further study the correlation between Stonehenge and all the other structures surrounding them. At the time of research, soon the experts believed that the sarsen (stone) phase of Stonehenge could be compared with the creation of Durrington walls, at the years 2640–2480 BCE. There were four excavations at Larkhill, Bulford, and the Durrington Walls east entrance and Southern Circle. Teams of archeologists carried out surveys and research inside Durrington Walls, as well as at Larkhill and Bulford. The team that led the landscape part of the research surveyed 750 round barrows in the region and measured the profiles of nearly 200 barrows. This led to the short-lived reconstruction of the timber circle in the village not too far from the research site, in the area of Upavon. More excavations followed in the late summer of 2007. Four weeks of fieldwork were led by a few hundred more students and volunteers, around the western end of the Cursus, which are the southern, western, and eastern gates of Durrington Walls. Geophysical research was also conducted around most of the surrounding area and around Stonehenge Bowl. Temporary residencies for six artists and two graduate art student placements were established by Artists in Archeology to record the overall process and steps the team took to uncover and further research this location. Throughout 2008-2009, moer bountiful research was uncovered. The team had excavated the remains of another henge beside the river, about a mile south-east of Stonehenge. This discovery was covered by popular media such as Nova and National Geographic, which had covered news of Bluehenge. The further four weeks of research that had followed resulted in the team's final conclusions.

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Research concluded that Stonehenge was erected to unify the people of Stone Age Britain. Stonehenge remains Britain's largest thief millennium BC cemetery, with incredible evidence of multiple burial sites, cremated remains, and evidence of feasts being held. It’s speculated by archaeologist Mike Parker Pearson that this monument began as a cremation ceremony, and slowly began to be a place of unity, celebrating deceased ancestors. Results were published in a 2012 book soon after the conclusions were drawn, now on record in Stonehenge, Exploring the Greatest Stone Age Mystery by Mike Parker Pearson.

Midterm #1- Art 100-2

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