Cluster_ Annotated Bibliography, Summary and Outline

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Apr 3, 2024

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Janai Jimenez Cluster 70BW TA: Dakota Tyler Annotated Bibliography, Summary and Outline: Week 4: Turn in an annotated bibliography (a list of sources plus a brief summary and a short, meaningful phrase giving the essence of what you will derive from each source), a short bulleted outline (no more than 1 page), and a short (200-300 word) summary of relevant recent discoveries and unresolved issues relating to your topic. 18. When and from where did humans first come to the New World? Estimates of the timing of humanity’s entrance into the New World vary wildly, from 35,000 years to 15,000 years. There are also a number of proposed routes: along the coast from Asia, a dry area between continental glaciers, directly across the Pacific or even from Europe. There is archeological evidence for all these possibilities. Your job is to summarize these, and decide which is the most Convincing. Annotated Bibliography/Sources: Cavendish, M. (2023, December 14). The description of a new world, called The blazing world . Broadview Press. https://broadviewpress.com/product/the-description-of-a-new-world-called-the-blazing-wor ld/ Gerbi, A. (2024, February 3). The Dispute of the New World . University of Pittsburgh Press. https://upittpress.org/books/9780822960812/ Meltzer, D. J. (2021, September 16). First peoples in a new world . Higher Education from Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/first-peoples-in-a-new-world/3B6B2D9 2CA615993E429B009E9F118E7 Short Bulleted Outline: Introduction: ● Diverse Timelines: Estimates range widely, with proposed entrance dates into the New World spanning from 35,000 to 15,000 years ago. Proposed Migration Routes: ● Beringia Land Bridge:

● Traditional View: Humans migrated through a now-submerged land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska during the Last Glacial Maximum. ● Key Evidence: Archaeological sites in Alaska and Siberia support this theory, suggesting an initial migration around 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. Coastal Migration: ● Alternative View Suggests a maritime route along the Pacific coast, exploiting marine resources. ● Supporting Evidence: Archaeological findings in sites like Monte Verde (Chile) and ancient coastal settlements hint at early coastal migration. Pacific Route: ● Controversial Hypothesis: Proposes direct seafaring from Asia or Pacific islands. ● Challenges: Lack of clear archaeological evidence for long-distance oceanic crossings, raising skepticism. European Migration Hypothesis: ● Controversial Claim: Proposes pre-Clovis European migration via the Atlantic. ● Challenges: Lacks widespread support due to the absence of definitive archaeological evidence and genetic links. Archaeological Evidence: ● Clovis Culture: Often associated with the earliest human presence in the Americas, characterized by distinctive fluted spear points. Monte Verde (Chile): ● Challenges traditional timelines, suggesting human occupation around 14,500 years ago. Unresolved Issues: ● Multiple Waves: Debate persists on whether there were multiple migration waves and if they occurred simultaneously or sequentially. ● Paleoecological Impact: Understanding the changing landscape and climate during migration periods remains an ongoing challenge. Conclusion: ● No Definitive Answer as of Yet: While evidence exists for various routes and timelines, no single theory is universally accepted. ● Current Trends: Recent research leans toward a complex, multifaceted peoplelink process involving a combination of land and coastal migrations.

Shot Summary: (200-300 words) There have been no significant breakthroughs in understanding the initial inhabitants of the Americas when it comes to determining when and where humans first arrived in the New World. However, it is important to acknowledge that the field of study is constantly evolving, and new findings may have emerged since then.Recent research has made progress in refining the timeline and routes of human migration into the New World. The prevailing theory suggests that the first humans arrived through Beringia, a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska during the Last Glacial Maximum approximately 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. Nevertheless, the exact timing and routes of this migration are still subjects of ongoing debate. Advancements in archaeological techniques, particularly the utilization of advanced dating methods and DNA analysis, have provided valuable insights. Some researchers argue for an earlier entry, proposing dates around 30,000 to 40,000 years ago, while others adhere to the traditional timeline. Unresolved issues include the identification of specific migration routes, potential coastal routes, and the possibility of multiple waves of migration. The discovery of archaeological sites like Monte Verde in Chile and the underwater site of Paisley Caves in Oregon has raised questions regarding the timing and complexity of the migration process. In conclusion, although recent discoveries have not significantly altered our fundamental understanding of the initial human migration to the Americas, ongoing research continues to refine our knowledge and address unresolved issues concerning the timing, routes, and complexities of this crucial event in human history.

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Cluster_ Annotated Bibliography, Summary and Outline

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