lab 5 biological anthropolgy

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University of Louisville *

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Anthropology

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Apr 3, 2024

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lab 5 biological anthropology 1. Which of the following geographic areas is home to people with the darkest skin color? Central Africa 2. Adaptations are Permanent traits that may result from natural selection 3. Define hypoxia A condition in which the body is not getting enough oxygen 4. Why is hypoxia common in high altitudes Because oxygen concentrations are lower in the air 5. according to Bergmann’s rule which trait is advantageous in a cold climate? Larger body size 6. the B blood antigen allele is most frequent in which region? Central Eurasia 7. describe the difference between lactose and lactate lactose is a sugar found in milk and lactate is an anion derived from lactic acid 8. lactose intolerance is common among populations that have a history of raising diary animals 9. where do we find populations with high frequencies of the sickle cell trait? Areas of Africa and western Asia 10. where do we find populations with high exposure to malaria? Areas of Africa and western Asia

Exercise 1 We learned in this lab that skin color has a clinical distribution. This is true for many of our other traits as well. 1. Identify one human trait other than those discussed in this lab that you think has a clinical distribution Resilience 2. Why do you think this trait varies among different individuals and populations? (does it provide advantages in certain environments or might it improve reproductive success?) it varies from person to person and population because of a biological and emotional and cultural it influences how people react to and cope with adversity 3. How would you study this hypothesis? What data would you collect about the trait? I would look at their genes and how they were raised and how they handle stress and the culture they are part of 4. What data would you collect about the evolutionary context of the trait? I would look at the how being tough helped our ancestors Exercise 2 Recent research has identified a gene (SLC-45A2) that codes for a protein that affects melanin production in humans and other animals. A mutation in this gene has given rise to two variant alleles. The L374 allele correlates with darker pigmentation and the F374 allele correlates with lighter pigmentation. Researchers collected DNA samples from people in 14 European, Asian, and African populations and identified the frequency of the F374 allele in these groups. Review the data in the chart below and answer the questions that follow. 1. In what populations do we see the highest frequencies of the F374 allele for lighter pigmentation? German

2. In what populations do we see the lowest frequencies of the F374 allele for lighter pigmentation? African 3. the map below shows the ancestral location of the population studied superimposed on figure 8.2 a map of regional skin color variation. Are these results what you would expect based on the skin color information in the map? Yes 4. why might some light skinned populations such as Japanese be missing the F374 allele for lighter skin pigmentation? It might be because of other genes Exercise 3 You and your classmate have decided to take a vacation to the Andes in South America. You plan to spend 2 weeks hiking camping and exploring the area 1. while you are there you can expect to undergo some acclimatization to this high altitude environment. Describe one of these possible acclimatization the increase in the production of red blood cells 2. why would your body undergo such change? What benefit or benefits does this acclimatization afford while you are vacationing at high altitude it does this to enhance oxygen delivery ensuring vital organs receive sufficient oxygen 3. several weeks after you have returned home from your vacation will you still have this acclimation? No 4. while you are in the Andes you notice that local people seem to be better adapted to the high altitude conditions than you are. Describe one of their possible adaptations they have increase ventilation rate

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5. if someone with this adaptation were to visit you at a lower altitude would they lose their adaptation yes exercise 4 1. is the person adapted for a cold climate or hot climate hot climate 2. describe one trait that helped you make this decision lack of clothing 3. is this trait related to Bergmann’s rule or Allen’s rule neither 1. is this person adapted for a cold climate or a hot climate cold climate 2. describe one trait that helped you make this determination the hair on the chest 3. is this trait related to Bergmann’s rule or Allen’s rule neither exercise 5 1. many populations throughout central Eurasia share high frequencies of the B allele. What does this pattern suggest about the evolutionary history of these populations? It shows there adaptations over time 2. the O allele is unusually frequent in the Americans. What does this pattern suggest about the evolutionary history of these populations?

It could be genetic isolation Exercise 6 You are conducting a survey of human variation at a bust station. While conducting your survey you meet a very large tour group of adult college students. The tour group has a high number of people who are carriers of the sickle cell trait and a high number of people who are lactose intolerant 1. why would a population have a high number of people who are carriers of the sickle cell trait? It might be because of natural selection favoring individuals who are heterozygous for the sickle cell gene 2. why would a population have a high number of adults who are lactose intolerant? It may be due to historical and genetic adaptation 3. based on these adaptations what can you suggest about the group’s geographic or cultural background? They could be associated with regions where malaria is prevalent and dairy consumption historically has been limited 4. if you had data about only one of these traits (sickle cell or lactose intolerant) how might you answer to question 3 above be different? If you had data on sickle cell trait it might be in a region with high prevalence of malaria Exercise 7 Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G5PD deficiency) is an inherited disorder where either the body has less of the G6PD enzyme than normal or the available G6PD is not functioning correctly. This deficiency affects red blood cells function and may result in anemia (the destruction of red blood cells) when people with the condition have infections are taking certain medications or eat certain foods.

People with G6PD deficiency may have some protection from malaria because their abnormal red blood cells interfere with the reproduction of the malaria parasite in their bodies. 1. Consider the prevalence of G6PD deficiency estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as shown in map below. Compare the distribution of G6PD deficiency with the distribution of the sickle cell trait and malaria shown in figure 8.9. what similarities between these distributions do you notice? There is significant overlap between areas with G6PD deficiency with the distribution of the sickle cell trait and malaria. Since the sickle cell trait provides protection from malaria, natural selection favors the advantageous condition of the sickle cell trait as a defense mechanism. 2. Human factors like the involuntary spread of equatorial African populations to similar environments east to equatorial Asia and west to equatorial South America contributes to the spread of sickle cell. Agricultural practices, like clear-cutting tropical forests, create environments favorable to the growth of mosquito populations and further the spread of malaria. Natural selection continues to favor the advantageous condition of the sickle cell trait as a defense mechanism.

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lab 5 biological anthropolgy

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