Anthropology_chp14_Internert_activity (1)

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Dec 6, 2023

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Name: Gianna Noguera INTERNET ACTIVITY: Anthropology Identifying the Romanovs Background In 1991, the skeletal remains of Tsar Nicolas II and his wife, Tsarina Alexandra, were identified among the remains discovered in a mass grave in Russia. Evidence from the bone fragments indicated the sex, age, and family relationships, but the dental work and DNA evidence provided the definitive identification. The skeletons were labeled numerically. Skeletal remains 7 were of a middle-aged woman whose ribs showed possible signs of damage from bayonet thrusts. Dr. Lowell Levine, forensic odontologist, noted elaborate dental work in her remains. Two crowns were made of platinum and other crowns were made from porcelain with gold fillings. This type of dental work was practiced in Germany, Alexandra’s homeland. None of the servants would have been able to afford such expensive dental work. Therefore, skeletal remains 7 were believed to belong to Tsarina Alexandra. Skeletal remains 4 were identified as Tsar Nicholas II. The skeleton was of a fairly short, middle-aged man who had signs of wear and deformation in the hipbones, probably produced by years of riding on horseback. The skull was wide with a sloping forehead and a flat palate. This would describe Tsar Nicholas II. The teeth had evidence of periodontal disease consistent with the Tsar’s dental record. What were the identities of the other seven skeletal remains in that mass grave? How did the evidence obtained from the bones and teeth help establish their identity? Procedure 1. Go to the www.dnai.org Click on Applications . Click on Recovering the Romanovs. Notice that there are three modules:  The Romanov Family  Mystery of Anna Anderson  Science Solves a Mystery 2. Click on The Romanov Family to learn about the family background.

3. Click on Science Solves a Mystery . Note there are 22 frames in this section. As you view the presentation, answer the questions posted below. Note that the number of each question corresponds to the number of the frame in the presentation (22 frames and 22 questions). 4. While viewing the Website and answering the questions, complete the Act 14-3 SH Data Table using the information from the Website and from your notes you wrote. IDENTIFYING THE ROMANOVS: AN INTERNET ACTIVITY How to Estimate Age, Height, Sex, and Ancestry from Skeletal and Dental Remains AGE Which bone or tooth? How does this help to estimate the age? Teeth Wisdom teeth If they have wisdom teeth it means they are 22 years old or older. Arms Humeruf cap If the humeruf cap bones fused, they are around 4-6 years old. If they are fused to the shaft, they are 18-20 years old pelvis Pubic bones If the pubic bone is almost united, then they are 7-8 years old. If all the segments of the sacrum united, they are 25-30 years old skull The lambdoidal suture It begins clearing at 21 years old and begins closing at 30 years old Legs femur The femur first appears at 8 years old. the femur head is fused to the shaft at 16-18 years old HEIGHT Which bone(s)? Refer to the textbook. What formula would you use? American male of European ancestor Humorous Height (cm)=2.89xhumerous American females of Humorous Height (cm)=3.36xhumerous

European ancestors SEX Which bones? Explain the differences in male and female traits of these bones. Pelvic Pelvic bone If the opening Is larger then it’s a female sacral Tail bone The male sacral is curved inward and has a longer tail bone Male Skull Front view the shape of the eyes and mandible shape from the underside are squarer Male Skull side view The occipital protuberance is prominent. The frontal bone is low and sloping Female Skull front view The shape of the eye is more rounded. The mandible shape from the underside is more V- shaped ANCESTRY Which bones? Describe the European characteristics. Shape of eye orbits sphenoib If they are rounded are square, they are European. If it is a rectangular, they are African. If it is circular, they are Asian Spine Nasal spine African have very small nasal spine. Asians have promenade nasal spins Nasal opening Nostros European nasal opening is shaped in a tear drop. Africans nasal opening is round Questions 1. In 1991, what was the location of the burial site for the tsar, tsarina, and family members? Yekaterinburg Siberia 2. Listen to the two video clips narrated by Dr. Michael Baden. a. Why was an American team called in to help identify the bodies? To determine whether remain found closely in wooded area belonged to the Romanov’s.

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b. View the video Remains in Yekaterinburg. Answer the questions below based on the information in the video. What information can be gained by a study of the following? i. ridges and thick muscular insertions determine which body were male and female. ii. orbits of the eye and mandible and maxilla of the jaw the race of that certain person iii. pelvic girdle measurements to determine which body were female or male. iv. ridges in the pubic bone to determine how many children a female had v. leg and arm bones determines the age. 3. Click the box Count the Skeletons . a. How many skeletons were recovered? 9 b. How many people died in Yekaterinberg? 11 4. What can be determined by examination of the following? a. wisdom teeth without wisdom teeth the person is 21 or younger b. vertebrae the rings on the vertebrae tell that the body belonged to someone 18 years old or older. c. pelvic regions a large opening means it was a female. 5. Click on the box Analyzing the Skeletons . Follow the directions to estimate the age and sex of each of the skeletal remains.

6. Which two family members were thought to be missing from the gravesite? Explain how this was determined. Alexi and Anastasia 7. The skeletal remains were buried for nearly 75 years. What type of evidence was preserved that enabled scientists to determine who was buried in the grave? DNA evidence 8. a. Click on the Nuclear DNA box and read the information. Click on the Next button in the upper-right corner. b. Click on Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and read the information. Click on the Next button in the upper-right corner. 9. Compare and contrast mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with nuclear DNA. a. How are they alike? nuclear DNA and (mtDNA) are both built of double stranded DNA. b. How are they different? (mtDNA) is circular while the nuclear is linear 10. From whom do we inherit all of our mitochondrial mtDNA? our mother Click on Maternal Inheritance . 11. Refer to Test Yourself on Mitochondrial DNA . a. From whom did the Romanov children inherit their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)? mother b. Where did the person from whom they got their mtDNA get his or her mtDNA? mother c. Did Nicholas II have the same mtDNA as his children? Explain your answer. No, because he got he’s mtDNA from he’s mother d. How could the identity of the skeletal remains be determined?

By comparing mtDNA from the skeleton remains to the mtDNA of the extinct mortal relative 12. Double-click on Tsarina’s Pedigrees located in the lower-right corner. Find Nicholas II and Alexandra in the pedigree chart. a. All mtDNA of the tsar’s children can be traced back to whom? mother b. According to this pedigree, who is the relative still alive today that has the same mtDNA as the Romanov children? Prince Philip of England 13. Go to Bioserver Sequence Server. Recall that differences in the mtDNA sequence are highlighted in yellow. Which of the skeletons had the same mtDNA sequence as Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh? Skeleton number 3,5,6 and 7 are related to prince Philip. 14. Whose skeleton was 9? nurse 15. Click on the tsar’s pedigree. Why was James, Duke of Fife, selected to have his mtDNA examined? He was the great nephew of the tsar so he could make a meaningful contribution. 16. Go to Bioserver’s Sequence Server. Which of the male skeletons had all mtDNA sequences consistent with the mtDNA of James, Duke of Fife? Tsar Nicolas 17. Did the other male skeletal remains belong to members of the royal family? If not, to whom did they belong? They weren’t he’s family but rather royal staff members. 18. Why was Anna Anderson’s mtDNA compared to the mtDNA of Prince Philip? Because if she was Anastasia then her DNA would match prince Philip 19. Why was Carl Maucher’s mtDNA examined? It was examined because it could match anna to her maternal relatives. They found out that the two were connected and her name was Franziska.

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20. Double-click on the Hair Sample video. 21. Watch the two videos by Dr. Michael Baden and scientist Syd Mandelbaum. a. If Anna Anderson was cremated, then how was a sample of her DNA obtained? A microscopic slide was in a hospital where tissue of Anderson has been preserved over time. b. Based on Dr. Michael Baden’s and Syd Mandelbaum’s findings, were Anna Anderson and Anastasia, the princess, the same person? Explain your answer. No, the DNA testing with the hair didn’t match. c. What is believed to have happened to the bodies of the two youngest children, Anastasia and Alexei? The children were permeated after they had to been shot and there remains scatter 22. Using the information from the Website and your text, complete the Data Table.

Anthropology_chp14_Internert_activity (1)

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