Midterm WRAC

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Dec 6, 2023

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Kayauna Allen Dr. Marina Mikhaylova World Regions & Cultures 10/06/2023 Midterm Questions Question 1: What is globalization, according to the lecture? Is globalization completely new, according to this course’s lectures? Why or why not? Globalization is the increasement of coming together and interconnection in the world. This can be from economic, political, social, and cultural realms. It can also be seen as the influence of other cultures in places where they might not have come from. Globalization is not completely new; it has just intensified over the years. Since humans were very mobile, it is assumed that they were interconnected between different regions. Question 2: What does Huntington argue in his text “Clash of Civilizations,” and what are some key criticisms of his argument? Huntington argues that civilization is the primary source of conflict within the world. He claims that most of the conflicts result from culture. He thinks that people who follow different religions will only be loyal to their religion. He argues that this will cause a divide and have one of the highest roles in shaping politics. One key criticism is that he completely dismisses political and economic causes as a source of war. He also did not consider the impact of

globalization. This interconnectedness goes against what he said about the world being divided into distinct civilizations. Question 3: Describe one aspect of migration mentioned in the last lecture and discuss how it relates to globalization. Briefly explain what aspects of migration Ratha and Hochschild focus on. Many people have migrated from place to place, or moving and coming back, and etc. This can be numerous of reasons, whether that it is for jobs, family, or maybe they have multiple homes in different places. This is a big part of our global world today and it relates to globalization because its people with different cultures moving around to place where locals might not be familiar with. Hochschild main aspect is on aspects of care workers. She talks about the emotional labor of family separation. Ratha mainly focuses on the financial and economic aspects of migration.

Midterm Essay What was colonialism and what are contemporary negative legacies (effects) of colonialism in countries outside of the United States? Refer to class lecture notes and use examples from the following three readings : Fanon, Said’s “Orientalism,” and Abu-Lughod. Colonialism is a captivating concept that has been around for quite some time, originating in the 15th century. It occurs when foreign invaders assume control over indigenous majorities and political authority. There are two types of colonialism: settler and extractive. Settler colonialism involves invaders relocating permanently, whereas extractive colonialism entails exploiting resources without permanent settlement. Despite its apparent benefits, such as resource utilization, colonialism leaves behind detrimental legacies like psychological trauma, cultural stereotyping, and cultural imperialism. Frantz Fanon’s work, “Concerning Violence,” discusses the psychological trauma endured by locals among the colonized people. He states that colonialism led to psychological trauma due to the impact of oppression, racism, and violence on the minds of colonized individuals. This made the locals feel inferior, further leading to self-hatred and alienation. Fanon emphasizes, “Decolonization never takes place unnoticed, for it influences individuals and modifies them fundamentally” (Fanon, Pg 269). This emphasizes that the profound psychological trauma on individuals was fully understood only through the process of decolonization. Edward Said’s work, “Orientalism,” focuses on the cultural consequences of orientalism while intertwining the negative effects of colonialism. One central theme is how Western societies have culturally stereotyped the East, specifically the Middle East and Asia. These stereotypes often portrayed Eastern cultures as inferior, reinforcing colonial attitudes of

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superiority. Said states, “A second qualification is that ideas, cultures, and histories cannot seriously be understood or studied without their force or, more precisely, their configuration of power, also being studied” (Said, Pg 261). This reflects Said’s central argument, explaining that the misunderstanding of Eastern cultures resulted from the power Western societies held, illustrating how their cultural understanding was dominated. Lila Abu-Lughod’s work, “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?”, critically examines the impact of colonialism on Muslim women. Colonialism has led to Western culture being unfair to people with different cultures, values, or views. This cultural imperialism has eroded local traditions, resulting in a loss of cultural identity and self-determination among Muslim women. Abu-Lughod states, “Ultimately, the significant political-ethical problem the burqa raises is how to deal with cultural 'others’” (Abu-Lughod, Pg 786). This quote highlights the ethical and political challenges posed by colonialism. Failure to approach these differences within cultures can perpetuate cultural imperialism. In conclusion, colonialism occurs when invaders take over political authority from the locals. While it has certain benefits, such as resource utilization, it also leaves negative legacies like psychological trauma, cultural stereotyping, and cultural imperialism. Fanon’s work highlights the profound psychological trauma inflicted upon the colonized. Said explores the cultural consequences of colonialism, leading to cultural stereotyping. Abu-Lughod exposes the unfairness of Western culture, resulting in cultural imperialism. These negative legacies emphasize the need to understand different cultures worldwide to replace the effects colonialism has imposed on our global society.

Midterm WRAC

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