module 6 study guide

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University of South Alabama *

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AN 101

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Anthropology

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Dec 6, 2023

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1) What are three misconceptions about archaeology? Don’t dig dinosaurs, dig only in Egypt or Greece, dig for treasure. 2) What is archaeology? The study of the human past through material remains or artifacts 3) What three questions does the goal “Reconstruct Culture History” answer? Who was where when? 4) The “who” question is based on what? on material culture and the clovis people 5) The “where” question is based on what? the geographical territory of the people 6) The “when” question is based on what? the law on superposition 7) What is the Law of Superposition? If the layers at the bottom are undisturbed the stratum at the bottom is the oldest 8) What is radiocarbon dating? A means of absolute dating 9) What two questions does the goal “Reconstruct Cultural Lifeways” answer? How and what? 10) Answering questions such as “how were stone tools used and made” is based on what? experimental archaeology, ethnoarchaeology 11) Answering questions such as what was life like for the individual and what was life like in the society is based on what? detailed analysis of artifacts 12) What one questions does the goal “Understand Culture Process” answer? Why? 13) Answering the question “why did things change” is based on what? b making progress on cultural history and cultural lifeways 14) What three reasons are provided to demonstrate the relevance of archaeology? They can dismiss absurd claims and they can provide an unbiased scientific view of the past 15) What is the crisis in archaeology? Archaeological sites are becoming fewer and fewer 16) What is cultural resource management? We can save the past for the future 6-2: Archaeological Fieldwork 1) What is an archaeological site? Egyptian pyramids, ridge tops, deeply buried sites, Moundville, historic ruins, standing structures, 2) What is a Phase I archaeological project? Finding the site 3) What methods are used for a Phase I? geophysical techniques , surface collecting, systematic surface collecting 4) What is a Phase II archaeological project? Investigating more details 5) What methods are used for a Phase II? Establishing a grid, excavate within units, record keeping 6) What does “in situ” mean? When artifacts are in the exact place where they were found

7) What is a Phase III archaeological project? Full scale excavation 8) What is a feature? A nonportable evidence of human activity 9) How many days are generally spent in the lab for each day in the field? 4-5 days 10) What is the final stage of any archaeological project? Publication of a report Module 6 Study Guide 5 Week 6-3 How to get a date: What techniques do archaeologists use to get a date? 1) What are the two categories of archaeological dating techniques? Relative dating and absolute dating 2) What is relative dating? Determination of a chronological sequence 3) In addition to the Law of Superposition, what other two relative dating techniques are discussed? Technological and stylistic change,(biostratigraphy) 4) What is absolute dating? A method of determining a specific date in calendar years 5) What is an absolute dating technique for ancient samples that is based on the half-life decay of potassium into argon in volcanic rock? Radiocarbon dating 6) What is an absolute dating technique for relatively recent samples that is based on the half- life decay of carbon-14 into nitrogen-14 in organic material? Radiocarbon dating 7) Radioactive decay is a probabilistic phenomenon so each date comes with a sigma, which is what? 2400+/- 60 8) What is an absolute dating technique based on the fact that certain heated objects accumulate trapped electrons over time, thus allowing a determination of when the object was originally heated? thermoluminescence 9) What is an absolute dating technique based on the study of the annual growth rings of trees? Dendrochronology 10) To establish a firm date for an archaeological site or a stratum at an archaeological site it is best to do what? double date combining relative and absolute dating Week 6-4 Middle Range Theory: The Present is the Key to the Past 1) Archaeologists are like detectives because they both make inferences about a past they did not see based on recovered material remains (artifacts and clues), so how are they different?

Archaeological sites have been impacted by people in nature, detectives work in crime scenes that have been sealed off 2) A hypothesis that links the static archaeological record with the dynamic human behavior and/or natural processes that produced it is called what? middle range theory 3) What is the idea that processes operating today are the same processes that operated in the past? uniformitarianism 4) What are the three types of middle range theory? Taphonomy, experimental archaeology, and ethnoarchaeology 5) The study of how natural processes contribute to the formation of the archaeological record is called what? taphonomy 6) The use of experiments designed to determine the archaeological correlates of ancient behavior is called what? experimental archaeology 7) The study of contemporary people to determine how human behavior is translated into the archaeological record is called what? ethnoarchaeology 8) Archaeologists have artifacts, ecofacts, features, and their contexts as clues to the past, and what allows archaeologists to take those static remains and make statements about dynamic human behavior is what? archeological inference and middle range theory

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