205 exam 3 note

• I WILL ask you questions about general developments of the Late Mesolithic, including artifacts, art, and landscape.  Rainfall and temp increased, beginning of Holocene climatic optimum  Dense oak and deciduous tree spread over most central Europe  Sea level rise, Britain became island  Restrict hunting visibility and limit habitation areas,  More plant available animal predictable  New trapezoid form microlith, Trapezes …. Triangular microburin tech practically disappear/ technique , produce larger, more regular forms , replace inset microlith as arrow heads, mounted with long end forward. Did more damage by cutting animal tissue than simply penetrating  Tools , flaked axe and ‘perforated mace heads’ more common, formed through pecking  Hammerstones for breaking bones or nuts from Belgium to Greece  Polished artifacts appeared, suggest circulation of good stones for stronger axe, adzes  Innovation ,  Vis, Russia. Skis and sleds found in bog  Fishing. Wooden traps, weirs, prongs, ground bore spearheads, nets and baskets  Dugout canoes, holland and Denmark… Tybrind Vig Denmark has hearth for night fishing, also ballast stone  Art  Ceramics, erteboole sites. Pointed base. Native clays and tempered, coiling technique and fired unevenly in open hearth  Antler axes, shafts, slotted bone daggers, harpoons decorated complex geometrically  Pendants and beads in settlement and graves. Material as amber,, bone, shell, fossils, animal teeths and hazelnuts  Two medium popular , pottery and wood / wooden paddles in Danish bog, vis skis decorated with elk head, pointed base jar have dotted and linear pattern  Rock art, once appear after K of years absent. Open cliff walls, hunting dancing and fighting. Red with some black and tan  Sedentism  Specialized ibex hunting camps in Pyrenees and Cantabria mountains  Fishing camps in Germany  Tools made in resident site and brought to satellite specialized camps  Mobility lessened  Subsistence  Hunting, red and roe deer, wild boar auroch, elk, ibex preys  Plants, Franchthi cave, wild legumes, fruit barley. Northern Europe have nuts and seed.  Striking, huge importance of shellfish, more ocean fauna  Settlements  Increase in large site coastal settlements, colonization of islands eg Scotland  Lake side, important is river and stream side.  High elevation sites abandoned, hunting unfriendly.  More sedentary, small site for specialized reasons  Exchange  Lithic raw material

 Obsidian in Frachthi  Medi shells in pendants in 600km away sea • I WILL ask you very general questions about the origins of agriculture (theory, general evidence for it, and its results). I WILL NOT ask you detailed questions about theories for the origins of agriculture, but you will need to know them (and which are old theories vs. modern theories) very generally for one question.  1. Domestication (of plants and animals)  2. Technology (new tools for harvesting and processing food and also for storage, i.e., pottery)  3. Sedentism (communities of villages and constructed landscapes)  Jean Jacques Rosseau, social inequality with private property  Marshall sahlins, people less leisure time  Early perspectives  Lewis henry morgan : allow exist outside world of nature and to supremacy over planet  Shift from “savagery” to “barbarism”, invention of pottery, domestication, construction of mud block  Important stage to humanity progress  V Gordon childe : influenced by Marxism and October revolution. “change is so profound it must be neolithic revolution  Theory: massive drought in SW Asia, in end of paleolithic made hunter-gatherers settle and find reliable ways to get food.  Point : agriculture allow humans greater control of food supply thus enhance population growth, eventually reach social complexity and control over surplus control over people. Result in urban revolution in neolithic end, beginning of bronze age  Modern perspectives  Robert braidwood, investigate site at Kurdish foothills of Iran, proof no climate catastrophe, thus childe theory wrong  Key: developing agriculture was shift in relationship between human and nature. Implication : human removed themselves from nature by inventing agriculture  David Rindos: idea humans as culture nation or specie is in conscious control over environment. Thus destiny 1 part true, 1 part rhetoric, 2 part wishful thinking  Involve of climate trigger . E.g. Kumeyaay in south California semi-arid landscape burn harvested stand too encourage better growth  Population pressure , look at prehistory globally. Theory: switch to farming cuz they reached limit of food source support  Co-evolutionary theory: against removal of humans from nature. Humans moved from relationship base on trust to base on domination/////must dominate livestock and crops to behave in a manner. Result, they dependent on us as we depend on them, life or death in co-evolutionary with them  Social theory, as result from competition, decision in selective pressure. Creation of surplus and sedentism  Environmental theories , climate change, short term shifts. Begin expand search to resource. Kent Flannery. Mesoamericans farm maize in seasonal round to collect animals and plant then lead to domestication. Problem : what cause shift to cultivation , adaptiveness or co-benefits

Bodies buried directly beneath houses. Decorated ancestor skulls with clay, plaster. Wall paintings as generational interaction, tools buried below. • I WILL ask a general question about the Nile, late Pleistocene violence, Egyptian irrigation, and the domestication of Saharan cattle.  Nile  Rely on rainfall upstream. If good winter rain, nile flood and inundate fertile plain  If poor, only meagre flood and valley dry af  If too strong, flood catastrophic and wash away all  Jebel sahaba cemetery in sudan  Killed by stone tools and signs of violent lives, 50-50 men woman, 67% show wounds mostly upper limbs and shoulder, half of healed fracture at hand. Bone scars by points  They battled for natural resources  Irrigation  Farmers move from fry zone to forested Mediterranean near the coast (period of famous cedars of Lebanon  Human and animal move closer to rivers, turn to domestication as safety net in unpredictable climate  Small scale of farming as insurance, practiced when necessary  Plant crop near flood edge  Domestication of cattle  6k BCE people and animal always on the move as water source never well watered  Wild oxen move in smaller herds and disciplined to search for food and water.  Thus humans predict their habits and modified herd numbers by culling , became close association  Culling prevented them from moving away, resulted in biological change and become easier to control, culling result in need to regularly introduce bull to herd  Domesticated by 7000 BCE in east sahara by hunter gatherers  Then selected for traits (horn shapes and hide colour) • I WILL ask you about early Asian crops, domestication of rice, loess sediments, the roots of modern China, The Jomon people, and a famous Thai burial.  Rice and millet  Rice is first domesticated in Yangtze valley, millet at colder yellow riber in north  Rice is marsh grass that fluorish in warm condition after ice age ended, Botanists: rice and millet originated around Himalayas at end of Pleistocene  Initial propagation: in alluvial swamps on middle yangtze valley at northern limits for rice cultivation  Seed dispersed through seasonal flooding through wetlands  Rice minor diet cuz seed ez shatter, over time selected non-shattering what became rice today  Loess sediment , formed during Pleistocene galciation over north.  Fine, Soft-texture aeolian deposits, nutritious and could be easily tilted with digging sticks  Concentration of rainfall mean better agriculture  Roots of China agriculture

 People on yellow river past long phase of experimental cultivation and intensive cultivation of plants before developing distinctive agriculture techniques  Agriculture developed in the south and knowledge about it move north  Earliest agriculture society: the loosely defined peiligang culture 6300-5100BCE.  Settlements of semisubterrannean houses and large storage pits for millets. Kept dog and pig and cultivated large amount of millet instead of finding wild varieties  Modern china  Lower Yangtze, rice still small compare to hunter gathering 6kBCE  3kBCE more sophisticated agriculture society  Graves gives detail, tools, pottery, quantity and quality of ornaments  Concentration of wealth and trend over ranked society, greater importance of man over woman  Liangzhu culture, rice dominant for local economics, population burst after  Joman culture  Most are from Honshu in Japan  Practice looks like linked single culture but actually have different ethnic and speaking groups  Hunted deer with bow and arrow, shellfish and fishing.  Diet heavily on acorn, nuts and seed  Increasingly sedentary (caves and pit house)  Probably elaborate processing and storage of nuts and small scale cultivation of millet  Lasted almost 10k years up to 300BCE  Reach high sophistication with ritual pots and live in wooden houses.  3000BCE, colder climate strained island carrying capacity and population declined.  Rice cultivation didn’t begin until 1000BCE in south side  THAI burial Khok phanom Di  Large and wealthy rice farming community  Occupied between 2000 and 1400BCE  Near a mangrove swamp (dried out now)  Evidence for rice husks despite poor soil (maybe imported)  Excavated aka princess of khok phanom di  Grave consisted of Numerous pots balanced on a pyramid of clay cylinders (pot preforms originally wrapped in leaves) placed over a Female skeleton covered in red ochre.  Died around 30, covered in over 121k shell ornaments most (disc and I shape) and pottery anvil  Maybe a potter who got wealthy by trading with travelers through Bang Pakong river estuary  Interpretation: likely a early ruler, maybe roots for later queendom in thailand and Cambodia • I WILL ask one question about maize domestication in Mexico and one about Peruvian food  Maize  Genetic analysis show single original centre of domestication in highland Mexico , domesticated by hunter gatherers.

production. • I WILL ask about the earliest mounds in eastern north America and ask you to identify a site picture.  Ohio river valley, 10k of mounds encountered, including forms such human and animal effigies (great serpent mound e.g.)  Thought was build by advance mound builder race and not indigenous (not true)  In social and economic context of emergence of agriculture, more of series of regional variations in food production rather than stages  Genetic and arky evidence suggest domestication started with bottle gourds, floated to America from Africa 10k years ago  ( poverty point) best known impressive hunter gatherer mounds not earliest  Its example to contrast with other hunter gatherers, low Mississippi valley and gulf coast  Massive earthwork complex at confluence of 6 rivers built between 1700-1100BCE  Mounds more ceremonial than defensive, use to bury high status dead, cremated ind  (Watson Brake ) built 3500BCE predate arrival of agriculture and revoked the fact that agriculture is necessary for social-political complexity  Requires significant amount of labour to build  Made using local material unlike the latter poverty point, no sign of long distance trade  People made hearths here to cook food and fire earthenware items in various shapes  Reason still unknown for why built • I WILL ask you about the earliest evidence for agriculture in Europe and how it spread.  The Aegean area, 8k bce in Mesolithic modified by Hunter gatherer to help local grass grow at expense of expanding forests. As grass ideal for lean winter months. Help keep wild grass predictable  Anatolian immigrants from turkey could bring agricultural plants and knowledge to Greece, Greece mountainous and farmland poor  Franchthi cave, sheep and cultivation of barley  Spread, 6.5k farming community in Thessaly spread to Europe. V.Gordon childe suggest spread from Balkan, genetic evidence Hunter gatherer indigenous there start transition (iron gates, Baltic Sea, Atlantic coast)  Radiocarbon date show clear northern and western expansion out of Greece  Unlikely that foragers domesticated plants independently of Anatolian farmers. Most domesticated varieties non-native to europe  Took 1200 years (60 human generations) for farming to spread from Greece to central Europe. Gradual process, no evidence for major migration of peoples , might migrate of small groups or families along rivers and valleys for easy plot lands • I WILL show you to identify one artifact photo and one site illustration related to early Neolithic Europe.  Starcevo koros cris pottery, red hair goddess Venus figurine  Cardinal pottery, use heart shape shell to make design . Aka impressed ware

 Linear pottery, LBK, looks derived from koros culture to the east. Early LBK quite uniform over wide area  5500-4500bce intensively studied culture 1 ,ornamentation style fine ceramic with straight curved incised lines. 2 , polished adze axe. 3 , settlement pattern of community long houses. LBK community  Farming done with flint sickle , and digging sticks. unpredictable and small yield, warm and cold transition farming and hunting  LBK community, on river terraces overlooking streams and thick loess soil deposit , large permanent timber houses in clusters of settlements 20-30km between them  Darion Germany, fortified farming community  Neolithic enclosers could be for living or ceremonial.  Woman ceramic figurines in ritual, mostly SE Europe almost absent in central Europe and LBK sites  LBK have pots with face design • For Hodder 2022: focus on the terminology he uses to discuss organizational differences at Catalhoyuk  Egalitarian or ranked…author used extremely egalitarianism  One possible measure on inequality is internal architecture of houses  More burial more historic not inequality • For Zeder 2011: review all the plant species she discusses  Einkorn and rye (cereal) rye disappearing when climate turned warm and wet not until 2k years later domesticate again. Tough rachis barley/ brittle rachis wild barley grain recovered at Gigal and Netiv Hagdud. Domestic emmer  Pulses, lentils, extremely high rate of seed dormancy only 10% germinate after sow, thus transplant from wild patch aggregate in new environment and tended by human chickpeas, rarity and sparseness of wild chickpea stands suggests transplantation and cultivation large seed faba beans not seen until 1000ad  Figs. Parthenocarpic figs remain on tree longer and develop sweeter fruit likely modifying local environments and biotic communities as well as their willingness to invest in nurturing resources, such as slowly maturing trees, with delayed rewards. • For Jones et al 2021: be sure to understand their conclusions Plant ecology evidence  Size is an important factor both in selection of crop progenitors over other wild specie and in changes with process of domestication  The seed may not be primary object of deliberate human selection.  Limited evidence to selection of progenitor species. Large seed greater ability to produce seedlings  Seed crop specie exhibits a subsample of phenotype variation within wild herbaceous species, suggest habitat filtering , consistent with competition within species  Implications for understanding origins of agriculture  Without human agency there will be no anthropogenic environment  pace of the domestication process may have been dependent on the relative roles of human intent (to improve yield etc.), which might be expected to result in rapid change, and the selective pressures acting on growing plants in the anthropogenic environment, which are likely to proceed more slowly.