William Comperry_lab8 (1)
docx
keyboard_arrow_up
School
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
221
Subject
Aerospace Engineering
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
Pages
5
Uploaded by academics.omicronaoii
Name: William Comperry
Email: wildcomp@vols.utk.edu
Lab Goal: The goal of this lab is to explore how fluid flows using a simulator and calculate the viscosity, or thickness of a type of “volumizing shampoo.” We will do this using Stokes’ law. Exploration One:
density
pipe
diameter
(m)
flow speed
(m/s)
pressure
(kPa)
flow rate
Q = vA
m
3
/s)
case 1
water
2.0
1.600 m/s 129.21
5
.0 case 2
water
3.0
0.700m/s
139.83
5.0 case 3
water
4.0
0.400 m/s
139.62
5.0
case 4
gasoline
4.0
0.400m/s
128.11
5.0
honey
4.0
0.400 m/s
155.72
5.0
Do your measurements yield the same volume flow rate for all cases? - For this instance,
the equation of continuity applies, but it is slightly off or different.
For a given flow rate, how does the flow speed change as the pipe diameter changes? - As the diameter of the pipe changes, the flow rate will decrease, or increase based on how much it is stretched.
For a given flow rate, how does the pressure at the bottom of the pipe change as the pipe diameter changes? - When the size of the pipe goes up so will the pressure.
For a given flow rates and pipe diameter, how does the pressure change as the fluid density changes? - The pressure change will go up as the fluid density goes up.
Describe the profile of the flow. Is it the same for all cases? - The flow was the same for all cases since it was always 5.0 m^3/2. density
pipe
diameter
(m)
flow
speed
(m/s)
pressure
(kPa)
flow rate
Q = vA
(m
3
/s)
location 1
water
4.0 0.400
m/s 121.362 5.01 location 2
water
2.0 2.00 m/s
119.846
5.6131
Did you verify the equation of continuity? - In this instance, the equation of continuity applies, but it is slightly off and different.
At which location do you measure the higher pressure? What is the pressure difference in kPa? - The middle area of the pipe had the highest-pressure measurement. The pressure difference, in terms of KPa is 1.502.
What is the speed of the liquid in the middle of the pipe in m/s? – 1.1 m/s
Describe the profile of the flow. Compare it to the profile without friction. - The profile of the flow can be different when friction is put into the system because the flow is slower. The speed in the system, absent of friction, was 1.601 m/s. When friction was added to the system speed was decreased to 0.92 m/s
Comment on the effects of friction (viscosity). - Generally speaking, the simulation displayed that that friction could influence the flow/speed. When friction is put into the system, the flow will be drastically slower. It is important
to note that the pressure was not influenced by viscosity. Exploration Two:
Keeping everything else the same, does the flow speed of the water depend upon the height of water level in the tank? - Yes, when water’s speed of flow goes up, water height in the tank will go up. Justify your answer by giving the numbers for the flow speed for two different water levels. - When the tank was filled, the speed of flow of water at first was 14.02 m/s. When the water tank was half full, the speed of flow went down to 11.04 m/s.
Keeping everything else the same, does the speed of the flow of the water depend upon the height of the tank? - The speed of water’s flow depends slightly on tank height. Justify your answer by giving the numbers for the flow speed for two different tank heights. - When the tank is filled all the way, the flow rate is 9.30123 m/s, but when the tank is all the way down, flow is 9.12 m/s.
Does the speed of the flow depend upon the fluid density?
Justify your answer by describing how you checked this?. - The speed or velocity of flow is independent of density of fluid because speed of flow is equal for honey, gas, and water.
What happens to the stream of fluid after it leaves the tank? - The stream of fluid upon leaving the tank goes down horizontally.
How far (horizontally) will a stream of water travel if it exits the water tower at
14 m/s, 10 m above the ground? – 19.523 m
(Click "Match Release", open the hole in the bottom of the tank, and then click
"Fill". Use the yellow handle to move the tank vertically.)
Viscosity:
Is increasing blood pressure 5 - 10 times higher a viable option? What percentage increase in blood pressure is reasonable? Explain! - An increase in BP 5-10 times more is not a good option because BP can be increased to fifty percent.
Is decreasing the length of your blood vessels a viable option? Explain! - Decreasing the length of blood vessels is not a good option because problems with blood distribution.
The arterioles (small arteries) are surrounded by circular muscles. In order to increase the blood flow rate by a factor of 5, what percentage increase in the radius of a blood vessel is needed? (This is called vasodilatation.)- To increase a blood vessel’s radius, a 2.2512 percentage is needed.
Arteries in the human body can be constricted when plaque builds up on the inside walls. How does this affect the blood flow rate through this artery? Is it
possible for the body to keep the flow rate constant? Explain! - Rate of blood flow through the artery will be impacted because flow rate will go down due to plaque building up on the inner walls. Experiment:
8
10
12
14
f(x) = − 0.34 x + 13.1
Positi
Time (s)
Position (cm)
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
Figure one: This figure illustrates the negative relationship between position in centimeters and time in seconds.
Velocity: 0.3407
Position (cm)
Time (s)
12
2.47
11
5.68
10
9.15
9
12.42
8
15.69
7
18.50
6
21.29
5
23.98
4
26.70
3
29.17
2
31.77
Table One: This table illustrates the relationship between position in centimeters and time in seconds.
Calculate the viscosity η of the shampoo using your measured velocity in units of poise = g/(cm-s). Use the densities in units of g/cm
3
, the speed in units of cm/s, the radius of the
sphere in units of cm and g = 981 cm/s
2
.
(1 Pa-s = 1 kg/ (m s) = 10.12 g/(cm-s) = 10 poise)
Using the equation η = 2(p(sphere)-p(fluid)(r(sphere)^2 g/ (9 v), I obtained a value of 429.46231 poise.
Calculate the Reynolds number R = 2ρ
fluid
r
sphere
v/η. It is a dimensionless number. - R=5.3E^-4
Check that the Reynolds number is less than 1, so that we are in the regime where Stokes' law is valid. - The Reynolds number is a value less than one, stokes’ law is therefore valid.
The table below lists typical viscosities of some viscous fluids at room temperature. Does your value for the viscosity of the shampoo seem reasonable? Discuss. - The viscosity I calculated was 42.95122 Pa-s. This is very close to the value for ketchup viscosity. It is possible I might have made caused some error with my measurements of the velocity of the ball while it was traveling down the bottle.
Predict the terminal velocity of a sphere made of the same material but with diameter of 3/8 inch in the same fluid. - The thermal velocity would be bigger due to the sphere having a bigger surface area and diameter. It would have to obtain a higher speed to reach an equal thermal velocity. Reflection:
Something I learned about viscosity in exploration one was that pressure is not influenced by viscosity. I arrived at this conclusion after seeing that the speed of flow for honey, gas, and water were all the same. Thus, not influencing the pressures of these liquids. A result that surprised me from this experiment was speed of flow depending on height of water level in exploration two. Moreover, I was surprised to learn that flow speed of water of water was higher when the water level was at its highest and vice versa. A concept that was confirmed foe me was that speed of flow of water is influenced by the height of the tank as talked about in exploration two. Going into this experiment I knew that the higher water is from the ground, the greater distance it must travel and the greater the speed will increase as it travels. Thus, as height increases so will the speed of the flow. A question I have about this lab is what can I take what I learned today and apply it to more real-world applications?