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Nov 24, 2024
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Question 1
(a) The following key ratios can be used to construct various Capital Adequacy Ratios
in accordance with banking regulations:
i. The Tier 1 Capital Ratio assesses how much a bank's core capital is compared to its
risk-weighted assets. It is a percentage and includes tier 1 common equity capital.
Tier 1 Capital Ratio is calculated as (Tier 1 Capital / Risk-Weighted Assets) * 100.
For instance, if a bank had $10 million in Tier 1 capital and $100 million in risk-
weighted assets, its Tier 1 Capital Ratio would be (10/100) * 100, or 10%.
ii. Total Capital Ratio: This ratio evaluates total capital, which includes both Tier 1
and Tier 2 capital, in proportion to risk-weighted assets.
Total Capital Ratio is calculated as follows: (Total Capital / Risk-Weighted Assets) *
100
A bank's total capital ratio would be (15/120)*100, or 12.5% if it had risk-weighted
assets of $120 million and total capital of $15 million.
The leverage ratio, which provides a measurement of capital adequacy without taking
into account risk-weighted assets, compares a bank's Tier 1 capital to its average total
consolidated assets.
Formula: Tier 1 Capital = (Average Total Consolidated Assets / Leverage Ratio) * 100
A bank's leverage ratio would be (12 / 200)*100, or 6% if it had Tier 1 capital of $12
million and average total consolidated assets of $200 million.
Question 2
(b) In Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority (SAMA) normally
oversees banking requirements for capital sufficiency. While particular rules may alter
over time, as of my most recent revision in September 2021, Saudi Arabian
institutions were obligated to follow Basel III principles. To promote financial
stability and risk management, these regulations typically call for maintaining
particular minimum capital adequacy ratios, such as the Tier 1 Capital Ratio, Total
Capital Ratio, and Leverage Ratio.
Amortized Cost Accounting vs. Fair Value Accounting:
i. Method of Valuation:
Assets and liabilities are recorded at their current market worth, which might change
over time under fair value accounting.
Example: Market prices are used to determine the worth of a bank's investment in
market-traded securities.
Assets and liabilities are recorded at their historical cost and gradually adjusted for
amortization or depreciation in amortized cost accounting.
As an illustration, a bank records loans at their initial value and later adjusts it to
reflect interest income and any impairments.
Income Recognition (ii)
Income recognition is based on changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities under
fair value accounting. Gains and losses are noted as they take place.
An increase in the fair value of a bank's stock investment results in a recognized gain,
for instance.
Amortized Cost Accounting: Income is recognized methodically in accordance with
the passage of time or particular occurrences, such as interest payments or loan
repayments.
As interest from a debt accumulates over time, for instance, it is recorded.
iii. Sensitivity to market changes and volatility
Since assets and liabilities are marked to market, fair value accounting may cause
financial statements to be more volatile.
The fair value of investments, for instance, may drastically decline during economic
downturns, resulting in big losses on the income statement.
Amortized Cost Accounting: As changes in value are recognized more gradually over
time, it generally results in decreased income statement volatility.
Example: Short-term market swings have little impact on the historical cost of a loan.
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Question 3
Thrift Income Statement:
For the specified date, the Income Statement of Thrift is as follows:
Thrift Income Statement
For the Period Ending [Date]
Non-Interest Income:
$ 35,550
Interest Income:
$ 150,740
Total Income:
$ 186,290
Non-Interest Expenses:
$ 48,917
Tax Expenses:
$ 18,435
Provision for Loan Losses:
$ 12,780
Interest Expenses:
$ 40,650
Total Expenses:
$ 120,782
Net Income:
$ 65,508
The thrift's Income and expenses are summarized in this income statement, which
results in a net income of $65,508 for the given time frame.
References
Gallemore, J. (2022). Bank financial reporting opacity and regulatory intervention.
Review of
Accounting Studies
, 1-46.
Janahi, M., Millo, Y., & Voulgaris, G. (2021). CFO gender and financial reporting transparency in
banks.
The European Journal of Finance
,
27
(3), 199-221.
Preuss, S., & Königsgruber, R. (2021). How do corporate political connections influence financial
reporting? A synthesis of the literature.
Journal of Accounting and Public Policy
,
40
(1),
106802.
Scannella, E., & Polizzi, S. (2019). Credit risk disclosure practices in the annual financial reporting
of large Italian banks.
Frontier Topics in Banking: Investigating New Trends and Recent
Developments in the Financial Industry
, 245-292.
Khan, H. Z., Bose, S., Mollik, A. T., & Harun, H. (2021). “Green washing” or “authentic effort”? An
empirical investigation of the quality of sustainability reporting by banks.
Accounting, Auditing
& Accountability Journal
,
34
(2), 338-369.
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