ACC 100 Notes- Ahmed Saadeddine

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Toronto Metropolitan University *

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100

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Accounting

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Jun 13, 2024

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docx

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Multiple Choice Questions, Wednesday, April 17th Chapter - 1: 3 Business Sectors: - Primary : Grow and gather raw materials - Secondary: Raw materials turned into product - Tertiary: sell goods/services to consumers Stakeholders: People that can or do affect a business , they all have objectives - Internal Stakeholder: People who work for said business - General employees: Earn high wages to keep their jobs - Market Manager: Effect of advertising - Company Lawyer: Ensure laws are followed - External Stakeholder: Outside and money-oriented - Governments: Ensure businesses pay taxes, employ more people, and follow the law - Suppliers: Sell products/services to the business - Banks: Decide whether to lend money, ensure business repays loans on time *(The financial information that businesses provide is often the key info that ex stakeholders use to make decisions)* Qualitative Characteristics: Qualities that stakeholders want from financial information - Faithful: Info is trustworthy and unbiased - Relevant: Info is appropriate to stakeholders - Comparable : It’s consistent yearly and relative to other companies - Timely: Provided quickly as old information loses its value - Understandable: Info is clear and concise Assumptions: Underlie the preparation of financial information. - Separate Entity : Only business activities are included; personal activities are excluded. - Unit-of-Measure : All transactions are recorded using the same monetary unit. - Going Concern: Assumes the business will continue to operate for the foreseeable future. - Historic Cost: Transactions are initially recorded at the amount paid. - Time Period: Information is broken into artificial periods for analysis. - Full Disclosure: All relevant information that could impact decisions is disclosed. GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ): - Guidelines used by accountants to prepare financial information . - Assure stakeholders about the usefulness of financial information for decision-making. **What to Know for Midterms or Final Exams:** - Define stakeholder, internal stakeholder, and external stakeholder. - List common internal stakeholders and their objectives. - List common external stakeholders and their objectives. - Explain what external stakeholders use to aid decision-making. - Define qualitative characteristics of financial information. - List and define each qualitative characteristic. - Define assumptions underlying financial information. - List and define each assumption. - Recognize the interconnection between qualitative characteristics and assumptions. - Apply knowledge of qualitative characteristics and assumptions to scenarios. - Define GAAP and explain its purpose. Example questions: Stakeholders Questions they may ask Q1. Tax advisor to business IS the business following required acc rules Q2. Marketing Manager What is the expected revenue from a new product Q3. Auditor in acc firm Are tax laws being followed Q4. Supplier Will businesses pay purchases on time Q5. Bankers Does the business have enough to pay interest?
Chapter - 2: ** What you need to understand for Midterms or Final exam** - Understand why financial information is crucial for both preparers and users of financial data. - Explain the distinction between data and information, with examples. - Define financial statements, identify who uses them, and explain their purpose. - List and define the financial reporting elements, providing examples for each element. - Categorize business activities into the appropriate financial reporting elements. - Explain the bond between the five financial reporting elements, with flowcharts or equations. - Define the double-entry accounting system and provide an example showing its application. - List the critical questions used to analyze every business activity, and demonstrate their application. - Use the definitions of financial reporting elements to support how business activities affect each element. - Record basic business activities into the accounting system using both the basic and expanded accounting equations. - Explain why increases in expenses and dividends are recorded differently in the expanded and basic accounting equations. - Analyze accounting information prepared by a business to answer questions about its financial position and profitability.54 Chapter 2 Financial Data: Any transaction made and recorded Financial Info: Taking data and analyzing and format Financial Statements: Tells the business story and how it currently is Accounting System: A system that takes data and turns it into financial position/health “GAAP” specifies how data is categorized, these are called elements that help desire issues/strengths. THE 5 ELEMENTS: - Assets: Owned benefits, * past events only - Liability: Owed money, future payment/past event - Equity: Capital plus earnings - Revenue: Income earned from goods/services - Expenses: Current costs Why is financial information important? It serves the objectives of both preparers and users. For preparers like Tees Inc., it's vital for obtaining loans and meeting financial goals. Meanwhile, external stakeholders, such as banks, rely on financial information to assess the viability of loan requests and make informed lending decisions. Essentially, financial information facilitates decision-making processes for all parties involved in financial transactions. The distinction between Information and Data: Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures , such as the information TMU University collects on its students, including names, addresses, dates of birth, and grades. This raw data becomes information once it is processed, categorized, analyzed, and formatted for presentation purposes. For example, after processing the data, TMU may identify patterns indicating that students with specific high school backgrounds are more likely to succeed in certain programs . Financial information, presented as financial statements, provides insights into a business's financial performance, position, and cash flows, enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions. This transformation process illustrates the distinction between data, which is raw and unprocessed, and information, which is processed and actionable. - In other words, data is RAW, and information is PROCESSED AND ACTIONABLE.
What are Financial statements, who uses them and what is their purpose? - Financial statements : tell a business story, what it does, and how well it does it. balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements, and statements of shareholders' equity. - Used by various stakeholders, such as investors, creditors, regulators, and internal management to asses businesses financial health. - The purpose of financial statements is to provide transparent and reliable information that aids stakeholders in evaluating the business's financial position, making informed decisions, and achieving their objectives. What are the Financial Reporting Elements? - Assets: - Owned, Benefit the company in the future, Happened in the past - *if you plan to purchase an asset it doesn't count* - EX. iPhone, computer, Cash - Liability: - Owed to third parties, Repaid in the future, Happened in the past - Either giving up cash, goods, or services in the future - *if you plan to borrow money next year it doesn't count* - EX. Student loans, Cell phone bills - Equity: Capital plus earnings - Wealth due to owners - Owners Capital - If you start with $20,000, you have that much capital - Profit Retained - A profit of $10,000 would increase PR. If paid out in the form of dividends of $2,000, Equity would increase by $8,000 which is profit that the business kept * Assets - Liabilities = Equity* - Revenue: - Income earned from goods/services (past tense) - Expenses: - Current costs - Helps u get revenue - EX. If you use gas in a lawnmower it is an expense because it helps generate revenue *Revenue - Expenses = Profit* Revenues Expenses Profit Q1 $132,450 $15,368 Q2 $239,600 $9,355 Q3 $249,000 $201,300 132,450 - 15,368 = Expenses (117,082) 239,600 +9,355 = Revenue (248,955) 249,000-201,300 = Profit (47,700) Expanded Accounting Equation Assets = Liabilities + Equity Equity = Owners Captial + Retained Earnings Retained Earnings = Profit - Dividends
Profit = Revenues - Expenses +, +, -, - PRACTICE: 1) If expenses increase by $7,000, what happens to equity? Since revenue - EXPENSES, Equity will go down (owners capital) 2) The owners of a business contribute $50,000 each to a business. During the year the business had costs ( expenses) of $89,560, paid dividends of $10,000 , and earned revenues of $114,230 . What is equity at the end of the year? Owners cap: $50,000 x 2 = $100,000 Expenses: $89,560 Dividends: $10,000 Revenues: $114,230 Rev - Expenses = Profit = $24,670 Profit - Dividends = Retained Earnings = $14,670 $114,670 A=Assets L=Liabilities E=Equity OC=Owners Cap RE= Retained Earnings P= Profit D=Dividends R=Revenue Ex=Expenses A = L + E E = OC + RE RE = P - D P = R - EX Chapter - 3 Active Analysis Questions Critical Questions: - What did the business get? - What did the business give away? Enhancing Questions: - What did the business earn? (Revenue) - What did the business use? Consume or incur? (Expense) - What does the business owe? (Liabilities or Owner’s Captial) Common Accounts ASSETS: Cash Asset Account - Owned - Future benefit - Due to past interaction - Receive Cash = + - Give away = - Accounts Receivable Asset Account - Legal right to get cash later - Sell on account = + - Collect Cash = - Prepaid Expense Asset Account
- Future expense(not yet) - Legal right to collect in the future - Get future legal rights = + - Use up your right= - EX. Insurance, Rent, Subscription, and pre-paid advertisement that has not yet been released Office Supplies Asset Account - Future expense (not yet) - Receive in the past - Use in the future - Receive = + - Use = - Equipment Asset Account - Future expense (not yet) - Receive in the past - Use in the future - Receive = + - Use = - Intangible Assets Asset Account - Receive in the past - Use in the future - Legal right that businesses had to benefit them - Receive = + - Use = - EX. Patents, licenses, copyrights LIABILITIES Accounts payable Liability Account - Owed - Paid in the future - Due to a past transaction - Buy on account = + - Pay off = - Other Payables Liability Accounts are ALL - Owed - Paid with cash in the future - Due to past transaction - Owed to others = + - Pay down with cash = - EX. Salaries, Wages, Rent, Income tax, Interest payable Loan Payable Liability Account - Owed - Paid in the future - Due to past BORROWING - Borrow money = + - Pay off money = - EX. Bank loan, note, mortgage Unearned Revenue Liability Account
- Owe a good or a service - Provide in the future - Due to receiving cash in the past - Receive Cash = + - Provide good or service = - EQUITY Owner’s Capital - Money invested by owners - Represents ownership - Receive ownership = + Retained Earnings - Profit generated by business - Dividends paid to owners - Profit generated: + - Dividends paid: - REVENUES Earned - Provided a service - Delivered a good - PAST tenses, done deal - Earned: + - Returned: - Service Revenue Revenue Account - Provided services - Past transaction - Provided: + - Refunded: - Sales Revenue Revenue Account - Delivered Goods (inventory) - Past transaction - Delivered: + - Returned: - EXPENSES Advertising Wages Insurance Interest Income Rent TRANSACTION VS EVENT Transaction: Recorded in the business financial system - Measurable - $ amount known - Realized - Exchange already occurred Event: Never recorded (No entry) - Measurable OR Realized
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