Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The mechanism for each of the given reactions are to be written.
Concept introduction:
舧 Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.
舧 Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.
舧 The reaction in which there is addition of halogen (F, Cl, Br, and I) to the compound is called halogenation reaction.
舧 A type of halogenation in which
舧 Hydride shift is defined as the rearrangement of hydrogen atoms.
Answer to Problem 1P
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Explanation of Solution
a)
In the given reaction, cyclopentanol reacts with sulfuric acid in presence of heat to form the required product. The mechanism of this reaction takes place when the hydroxy group, which is having lone pair of electron, attacks on hydrogen atom (H) and withdraw it. After that equilibrium forms and removal of water takes place, which leads to the formation of secondary carbocation. The secondary carbocations are very unstable so methanide shift takes place and stable tertiary carbocation forms.
The mechanism of the reaction is as follows:
b)
The given reaction take place when cyclopentene ring reacts with bromine in presence of light by the help of free radical halogenation. In the mechanism, the cyclopentene attacks on Br and addition of Br cation takes place at cyclopentene ring. The cyclopentene ring becomes electron deficient after the addition of Br so addition of chlorine atom takes place at cyclopentene ring and this leads to the formation of required product.
The mechanism is as follows:
c) The other products from the reaction given in part (b).
From the above reaction, one more product is formed. When addition of chlorine atom takes place at electron deficient cyclopentene ring then addition of chlorine takes place but the product formed here is an enantiomer of the product formed above. So two products are formed, both are in equimolar amount and are enantiomer of each other.
The second product of the reaction is as follows:
d)
The given reaction takes place, when
The mechanism is represented below:
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter FRP Solutions
EBK ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- Q2: Draw all applicable resonance forms for the acetate ion CH3COO. Clearly show all lone pairs, charges, and arrow formalism.arrow_forwardHow do I calculate the amount of quarks in magnesium?arrow_forwardPlease provide the mechanism for the reaction attached. Please include all arrows, intermediates, and formalcharges. If a Sigma complex, please draw all major resonance forms.arrow_forward
- Predict the product or products for the following reactions. Please include both ortho and para substitutions, if it applies, and indicate the major product, if it applies.arrow_forwardThe bromination of naphthalene via electrophilic aromatic substitution. Please draw out all of the resonance structures created from addition at the C1 carbon. Please also draw out all of the resonance structures created from addition at the C2 carbon. Which carbon (C1 or C2) is more favored?arrow_forwardPredict the product or products for the following reactions. Please include both ortho and para substitutions, if it applies, and indicate the major product, if it applies.arrow_forward
- Chapter 1 In-Class-Problem set ☺ Study The C3-C4 carbon-carbon bond in the following molecule results from the overlap of which orbitals (in the order C3-C4)? о a) sp-sp² b) sp-sp³ c) sp²-sp² d) sp²-sp³ e) sp³-sp² 7 6 M 4 3 2arrow_forwardCount how many pi and sigma bonds are in the following molecule, caffeine. Circle all sp3 hybridized atoms, box sp₂ hybridized atoms, and draw a triangle around all sp hybridized atoms. N N N Z - - N -arrow_forwardFill in the blanks of the following chart Characteristic Atomic Number Symbol amul Description Protons + Neutrons Use the following words to label the diagrams: Atomic Number, Valence State, Chemical Symbol, Number of Atoms, Molecule, Atomic Mass 40Ca 74W H₂O Na+¹ CI-1arrow_forward
- in aqueous solution, bromine oxidises sulphur dioxide so2 to sulphate ions so42- i) deduce the oxidation state of sulphur in so2 and so4 2- ii) deduce a half equation for the reduction of bromine in an aqueous solution iii) deduce a hald equation for the oxidatio of so2 in aquoes solution forming so42- and h+ ionsarrow_forwardPlease correct answer and don't used hand raiting and don't used Ai solutionarrow_forwardDraw orbitals for a and c and identify all of the molecules/functional groups' electron geometry, molecular shape and bond angles: a. H₂O b. Ketone c. Alkyne d. Etherarrow_forward
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY