(a) Interpretation: Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written. Concept introduction: Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes , alkynes , and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C ≡ C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter B, Problem B.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter B, Problem B.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter B, Problem B.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter B, Problem B.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

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Answer 5

Chapter B, Problem B.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Answer 6

Chapter B, Problem B.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Answer 7

Chapter B, Problem B.42P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

Benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the benzene ring. In such compounds, the root name is benzene. The ring is numbered so that the substituents attached to it get the lowest locator numbers. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for writing the number and type of substituents. If the substituents attached to a benzene ring are complicated, it is easy to treat the benzene ring as a substituent instead of a root. Alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives have trivial names. Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Using trivial names where appropriate, the name for the given molecule is to be written.

Concept introduction:

For a molecule that has more than one double bond or triple bond, the name must indicate the number of double bonds or triple bonds present as well as their locations. To name the molecule with multiple double/triple bonds, establish the root as the longest carbon chain or the largest carbon ring that contains the greatest number of entire C=C or C≡C groups. Number the chain or ring so that each successive C=C or C≡C group is encountered the earliest. For each pair of C=C or C≡C atoms, identify the lower of the two locator numbers. Immediately before the ene or yne suffix, add the letter ‘a’ followed by the above set of locator numbers, and then add the prefix di, tri, etc. to specify the number of double or triple bonds. The substituents attached to the root are named in the alphabetical order. In some situations, all the C=C or C≡C groups cannot be considered in the root. In that case, consider maximum possible number of C=C or C≡C bonds in the root, and the rest are considered as substituents.

Trivial names are also commonly used for substituents containing C=C or C≡C bonds, including vinyl, allyl, and propargyl.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. B - Prob. B.1P Ch. B - Prob. B.2P Ch. B - Prob. B.3P Ch. B - Prob. B.4P Ch. B - Prob. B.5P Ch. B - Prob. B.6P Ch. B - Prob. B.7P Ch. B - Prob. B.8P Ch. B - Prob. B.9P Ch. B - Prob. B.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that benzene derivatives have one or more substituents attached to the ring.

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