A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.

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Students have asked these similar questions

A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.

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Answer 5

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.

Answer 6

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.

Answer 7

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.