Chapter 9, Problem 9.6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of bonding present in the compound $\text{CsF}\left(s\right)$ is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

An ionic bond is formed by the interaction of a metal with a non-metal. When a metal element interacts with a non-metal, the metal loses electron/electrons. The electrons lost are gained by the non-metal. The metal turns into a cation whereas the non-metal turns into an anion. The electrostatic force of attraction between the cation and the anion leads to the formation of an ionic bond between the two. The constituents in an ionic compound are ions.

A covalent bond is formed by the interaction of two non-metals. Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms. A covalent bond is the strong forces of attraction between the shared pairs of electrons and the nuclei of the combining atoms.

Metallic bonds are formed between metals. A metallic bond is formed between positively charged ions in a sea of delocalized electrons.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of bonding present in the compound ${\text{N}}_2\left(g\right)$ is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

An ionic bond is formed by the interaction of a metal with a non-metal. When a metal element interacts with a non-metal, the metal loses electron/electrons. The electrons lost are gained by the non-metal. The metal turns into a cation whereas the non-metal turns into an anion. The electrostatic force of attraction between the cation and the anion leads to the formation of an ionic bond between the two. The constituents in an ionic compound are ions.

A covalent bond is formed by the interaction of two non-metals. Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms. A covalent bond is the strong forces of attraction between the shared pairs of electrons and the nuclei of the combining atoms.

Metallic bonds are formed between metals. A metallic bond is formed between positively charged ions in a sea of delocalized electrons.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of bonding present in $\text{Na}\left(s\right)$ is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The metallic character is characterized by the tendency of metals to lose their outermost valence shell electrons. Greater the ease of electron removal, higher will be the electropositivity of the corresponding elements and vice versa.

The metallic character is characterized by the tendency of metals to lose their outermost valence shell electrons.

Down the group, the number of shells increases with the increase in the atomic number and the outermost valence electrons becomes farther from the nucleus and therefore can be removed easily. So the metallic character increases from top to bottom in a group.

Along the period, the electrons are added in the same outer shell and the effective nuclear charge increases due to which the electrons are attracted to the nucleus by strong electrostatic forces of attraction. Therefore the removal of the electron becomes difficult which results in the decrease of metallic character in a period.