Chemistry In Focus
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781305084476
Author: Tro, Nivaldo J., Neu, Don.
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 9, Problem 7E
What is entropy? Why is entropy important?
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5. A solution of sucrose is fermented in a vessel until the evolution of CO2 ceases. Then, the
product solution is analyzed and found to contain, 45% ethanol; 5% acetic acid; and 15%
glycerin by weight.
If the original charge is 500 kg, evaluate;
e. The ratio of sucrose to water in the original charge (wt/wt).
f. Moles of CO2 evolved.
g. Maximum possible amount of ethanol that could be formed.
h. Conversion efficiency.
i. Per cent excess of excess reactant.
Reactions:
Inversion reaction: C12H22O11 + H2O →2C6H12O6
Fermentation reaction: C6H12O6 →→2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Formation of acetic acid and glycerin: C6H12O6 + C2H5OH + H₂O→ CH3COOH + 2C3H8O3
Show work. don't give Ai generated solution. How many carbons and hydrogens are in the structure?
13. (11pts total) Consider the arrows pointing at three different carbon-carbon bonds in the
molecule depicted below.
Bond B
2°C. +2°C. cleavage
Bond A
•CH3 + 26.← Cleavage
2°C. +
Bond C
+3°C•
CH3 2C
Cleavage
E
2°C. 26.
weakest bond
Intact molecule
Strongest 3°C 20.
Gund
Largest
argest
a. (2pts) Which bond between A-C is weakest? Which is strongest? Place answers in
appropriate boxes.
C
Weakest
bond
A
Produces
Most
Bond
Strongest
Bond
Strongest Gund
produces least stable
radicals
Weakest
Stable radical
b. (4pts) Consider the relative stability of all cleavage products that form when bonds A,
B, AND C are homolytically cleaved/broken. Hint: cleavage products of bonds A, B,
and C are all carbon radicals.
i. Which ONE cleavage product is the most stable? A condensed or bond line
representation is fine.
13°C. formed in
bound C
cleavage
ii. Which ONE cleavage product is the least stable? A condensed or bond line
representation is fine.
• CH3
methyl radical
Formed in Gund A Cleavage
c.…
Chapter 9 Solutions
Chemistry In Focus
Ch. 9 - Conversion of Energy Units The complete combustion...Ch. 9 - Calculating Energy Use in Kilowatt-Hours What is...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.3YTCh. 9 - Enthalpy of Reaction How much energy in...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.5YTCh. 9 - Prob. 1SCCh. 9 - Prob. 2SCCh. 9 - Prob. 3SCCh. 9 - Prob. 4SCCh. 9 - When two solutions are mixed in a beaker, a...
Ch. 9 - Prob. 1ECh. 9 - From a molecular standpoint, explain how thermal...Ch. 9 - Prob. 3ECh. 9 - Prob. 4ECh. 9 - Prob. 5ECh. 9 - Explain the first law of thermodynamics and its...Ch. 9 - What is entropy? Why is entropy important?Ch. 9 - Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9ECh. 9 - Prob. 10ECh. 9 - Define each of the following terms: a. heat b....Ch. 9 - Prob. 12ECh. 9 - What happens to the temperature of the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 14ECh. 9 - Prob. 15ECh. 9 - Prob. 16ECh. 9 - Prob. 17ECh. 9 - Prob. 18ECh. 9 - Prob. 19ECh. 9 - What are the environmental problems associated...Ch. 9 - Prob. 21ECh. 9 - Prob. 22ECh. 9 - What is the major cause of acid rain?Ch. 9 - Explain how acid rain is formed and its effects on...Ch. 9 - Prob. 25ECh. 9 - Prob. 26ECh. 9 - Prob. 27ECh. 9 - Prob. 28ECh. 9 - Prob. 29ECh. 9 - Which fossil fuel is the worst offender when it...Ch. 9 - Prob. 31ECh. 9 - Prob. 32ECh. 9 - Prob. 33ECh. 9 - Prob. 34ECh. 9 - Assume that electricity costs 15 cents per...Ch. 9 - Prob. 36ECh. 9 - Prob. 37ECh. 9 - Prob. 38ECh. 9 - The coldest temperature ever measured in the...Ch. 9 - The warmest temperature ever measured in the...Ch. 9 - Chemical Reactions and Energy Calculate the amount...Ch. 9 - Prob. 42ECh. 9 - Prob. 43ECh. 9 - Prob. 44ECh. 9 - Prob. 45ECh. 9 - Prob. 46ECh. 9 - Prob. 47ECh. 9 - Prob. 48ECh. 9 - Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide (in kg)...Ch. 9 - Prob. 50ECh. 9 - The second law of thermodynamics has been called...Ch. 9 - You are camping and contemplating placing some hot...Ch. 9 - Prob. 56ECh. 9 - Prob. 57ECh. 9 - Prob. 58E
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- Hi!! Please provide a solution that is handwritten. Ensure all figures, reaction mechanisms (with arrows and lone pairs please!!), and structures are clearly drawn to illustrate the synthesis of the product as per the standards of a third year organic chemistry course. ****the solution must include all steps, mechanisms, and intermediate structures as required. Please hand-draw the mechanisms and structures to support your explanation. Don’t give me AI-generated diagrams or text-based explanations, no wordy explanations on how to draw the structures I need help with the exact mechanism hand drawn by you!!! I am reposting this—ensure all parts of the question are straightforward and clear or please let another expert handle it thanks!!arrow_forwardHi!! Please provide a solution that is handwritten. Ensure all figures, reaction mechanisms (with arrows and lone pairs please!!), and structures are clearly drawn to illustrate the synthesis of the product as per the standards of a third year organic chemistry course. ****the solution must include all steps, mechanisms, and intermediate structures as required. Please hand-draw the mechanisms and structures to support your explanation. Don’t give me AI-generated diagrams or text-based explanations, no wordy explanations on how to draw the structures I need help with the exact mechanism hand drawn by you!!! I am reposting this—ensure all parts of the question are straightforward and clear or please let another expert handle it thanks!!arrow_forward. (11pts total) Consider the arrows pointing at three different carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule depicted below. Bond B 2°C. +2°C. < cleavage Bond A • CH3 + 26. t cleavage 2°C• +3°C• Bond C Cleavage CH3 ZC '2°C. 26. E Strongest 3°C. 2C. Gund Largest BDE weakest bond In that molecule a. (2pts) Which bond between A-C is weakest? Which is strongest? Place answers in appropriate boxes. Weakest C bond Produces A Weakest Bond Most Strongest Bond Stable radical Strongest Gund produces least stable radicals b. (4pts) Consider the relative stability of all cleavage products that form when bonds A, B, AND C are homolytically cleaved/broken. Hint: cleavage products of bonds A, B, and C are all carbon radicals. i. Which ONE cleavage product is the most stable? A condensed or bond line representation is fine. 人 8°C. formed in bound C cleavage ii. Which ONE cleavage product is the least stable? A condensed or bond line representation is fine. methyl radical •CH3 formed in bund A Cleavagearrow_forward
- Which carbocation is more stable?arrow_forwardAre the products of the given reaction correct? Why or why not?arrow_forwardThe question below asks why the products shown are NOT the correct products. I asked this already, and the person explained why those are the correct products, as opposed to what we would think should be the correct products. That's the opposite of what the question was asking. Why are they not the correct products? A reaction mechanism for how we arrive at the correct products is requested ("using key intermediates"). In other words, why is HCl added to the terminal alkene rather than the internal alkene?arrow_forward
- My question is whether HI adds to both double bonds, and if it doesn't, why not?arrow_forwardStrain Energy for Alkanes Interaction / Compound kJ/mol kcal/mol H: H eclipsing 4.0 1.0 H: CH3 eclipsing 5.8 1.4 CH3 CH3 eclipsing 11.0 2.6 gauche butane 3.8 0.9 cyclopropane 115 27.5 cyclobutane 110 26.3 cyclopentane 26.0 6.2 cycloheptane 26.2 6.3 cyclooctane 40.5 9.7 (Calculate your answer to the nearest 0.1 energy unit, and be sure to specify units, kJ/mol or kcal/mol. The answer is case sensitive.) H. H Previous Nextarrow_forwardA certain half-reaction has a standard reduction potential Ered +1.26 V. An engineer proposes using this half-reaction at the anode of a galvanic cell that must provide at least 1.10 V of electrical power. The cell will operate under standard conditions. Note for advanced students: assume the engineer requires this half-reaction to happen at the anode of the cell. Is there a minimum standard reduction potential that the half-reaction used at the cathode of this cell can have? If so, check the "yes" box and calculate the minimum. Round your answer to 2 decimal places. If there is no lower limit, check the "no" box.. Is there a maximum standard reduction potential that the half-reaction used at the cathode of this cell can have? If so, check the "yes" box and calculate the maximum. Round your answer to 2 decimal places. If there is no upper limit, check the "no" box. yes, there is a minimum. 1 red Πν no minimum Oyes, there is a maximum. 0 E red Dv By using the information in the ALEKS…arrow_forward
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