Chapter 9, Problem 64IP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecules should be drawn for the given staring molecule by using its structure.

Concept Introduction:

Lindlar reduction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Soda amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as asters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzynes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA): This reagent is extremely useful reagent most frequently encountered in the synthesis of epoxides when added to alkenes or alkynes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecules should be drawn for the given staring molecule by using its structure.

Concept Introduction:

Lindlar reduction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Soda amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as asters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzynes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA): This reagent is extremely useful reagent most frequently encountered in the synthesis of epoxides when added to alkenes or alkynes.