Chapter 9, Problem 57IP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecules should be drawn for the given staring molecule by using its structure.

Concept Introduction:

Lindlar reduction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Sodium amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as esters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzynes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA): This reagent is extremely useful reagent most frequently encountered in the synthesis of epoxides when added to alkenes or alkynes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecules should be drawn for the given staring molecule by using its structure.

Concept Introduction:

Lindlar reduction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Sodium amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as esters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzynes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA): This reagent is extremely useful reagent most frequently encountered in the synthesis of epoxides when added to alkenes or alkynes.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecules should be drawn for the given staring molecule by using its structure.

Concept Introduction:

Lindlar reduction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Sodium amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as esters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzynes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA): This reagent is extremely useful reagent most frequently encountered in the synthesis of epoxides when added to alkenes or alkynes.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecules should be drawn for the given staring molecule by using its structure.

Concept Introduction:

Lindlar reduction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Sodium amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as esters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzynes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA): This reagent is extremely useful reagent most frequently encountered in the synthesis of epoxides when added to alkenes or alkynes.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecules should be drawn for the given staring molecule by using its structure.

Concept Introduction:

Lindlar reduction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Sodium amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as esters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzynes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA): This reagent is extremely useful reagent most frequently encountered in the synthesis of epoxides when added to alkenes or alkynes.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecules should be drawn for the given staring molecule by using its structure.

Concept Introduction:

Lindlar reduction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Sodium amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as esters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzynes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA): This reagent is extremely useful reagent most frequently encountered in the synthesis of epoxides when added to alkenes or alkynes.