Chemistry: A Molecular Approach
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780321809247
Author: Nivaldo J. Tro
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Chapter 9, Problem 3E
Interpretation Introduction
To explain: The three basic types of
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d.
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On the next page is an LC separation of the parabens found in baby wash. Parabens are
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MAU
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Chemistry: A Molecular Approach
Ch. 9 - Prob. 1SAQCh. 9 - Q2. Which set of elements is arranged in order of...Ch. 9 - Q3. Which is the correct Lewis structure for...Ch. 9 - Q4. Which compound is likely to have an incomplete...Ch. 9 - Q5. Which compound has the highest magnitude of...Ch. 9 - Prob. 6SAQCh. 9 - Prob. 7SAQCh. 9 - Prob. 8SAQCh. 9 - Prob. 9SAQCh. 9 - Prob. 10SAQ
Ch. 9 - Q11. Determine the formal charge of nitrogen in...Ch. 9 - Q12. A Lewis structure for the acetate ion is...Ch. 9 - Q13. Use formal charge to choose the best Lewis...Ch. 9 - Prob. 14SAQCh. 9 - Prob. 15SAQCh. 9 - Prob. 1ECh. 9 - Prob. 2ECh. 9 - Prob. 3ECh. 9 - Prob. 4ECh. 9 - 5. Describe the octet rule in the Lewis model.
Ch. 9 - 6. According to the Lewis model, what is a...Ch. 9 - 7. How do you draw an ionic Lewis structure?
Ch. 9 - 8. How can Lewis structures be used to determine...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9ECh. 9 - Prob. 10ECh. 9 - Prob. 11ECh. 9 - Prob. 12ECh. 9 - Prob. 13ECh. 9 - Prob. 14ECh. 9 - 15. In a covalent Lewis structure, what is the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 16ECh. 9 - 17. How does the Lewis model for covalent bonding...Ch. 9 - 18. How does the Lewis model for covalent bonding...Ch. 9 - 19. What is electronegativity? What are the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 20ECh. 9 - 21. Explain percent ionic character of a bond. Do...Ch. 9 - 22. What is a dipole moment?
Ch. 9 - Prob. 23ECh. 9 - Prob. 24ECh. 9 - Prob. 25ECh. 9 - 26. What are resonance structures? What is a...Ch. 9 - 27. Do resonance structures always contribute...Ch. 9 - 28. What is formal charge? How is formal charge...Ch. 9 - 29. Why does the octet rule have exceptions? List...Ch. 9 - 30. Which elements can have expanded octets? Which...Ch. 9 - Prob. 31ECh. 9 - Prob. 32ECh. 9 - 33. What is the electron sea model for bonding in...Ch. 9 - Prob. 34ECh. 9 - 35. Write the electron configuration for N. Then...Ch. 9 - 36. Write the electron configuration for Ne. Then...Ch. 9 - 37. Write the Lewis symbol for each atom or...Ch. 9 - 38. Write the Lewis symbol for each atom or...Ch. 9 - 39. Write the Lewis symbols for the ions in each...Ch. 9 - 40. Write the Lewis symbols for the ions in each...Ch. 9 - 41. Use Lewis symbols to determine the formula for...Ch. 9 - 42. Use Lewis symbols to determine the formula for...Ch. 9 - 43. Explain the trend in the lattice energies of...Ch. 9 - 44. Rubidium iodide has a lattice energy of –617...Ch. 9 - Prob. 45ECh. 9 - 46. Arrange these compounds in order of increasing...Ch. 9 - 47. Use the Born–Haber cycle and data from...Ch. 9 - 48. Use the Born–Haber cycle and data from...Ch. 9 - 49. Use covalent Lewis structures to explain why...Ch. 9 - 50. Use covalent Lewis structures to explain why...Ch. 9 - 51. Write the Lewis structure for each...Ch. 9 - Prob. 52ECh. 9 - 53. Write the Lewis structure for each...Ch. 9 - 54. Write the Lewis structure for each...Ch. 9 - 55. Determine if a bond between each pair of atoms...Ch. 9 - 56. Determine if a bond between each pair of atoms...Ch. 9 - 57. Draw the Lewis structure for CO with an arrow...Ch. 9 - 58. Draw the Lewis structure for BrF with an arrow...Ch. 9 - 59. Write the Lewis structure for each molecule or...Ch. 9 - 60. Write the Lewis structure for each molecule or...Ch. 9 - 61. Write the Lewis structure for each molecule or...Ch. 9 - 62. Write the Lewis structure for each molecule or...Ch. 9 - 63. Write a Lewis structure that obeys the octet...Ch. 9 - 64. Write a Lewis structure that obeys the octet...Ch. 9 - 65. Use formal charge to identify the better Lewis...Ch. 9 - 66. Use formal charges to identify the better...Ch. 9 - 67. How important is the resonance structure shown...Ch. 9 - 68. In N2O, nitrogen is the central atom and the...Ch. 9 - 69. Draw the Lewis structure (including resonance...Ch. 9 - 70. Draw the Lewis structure (including resonance...Ch. 9 - 71. What are the formal charges of the atoms shown...Ch. 9 - 72. What are the formal charges of the atoms shown...Ch. 9 - 73. Write the Lewis structure for each molecule...Ch. 9 - 74. Write the Lewis structure for each molecule...Ch. 9 - 75. Write the Lewis structure for each ion....Ch. 9 - 76. Write Lewis structures for each molecule or...Ch. 9 - 77. Write Lewis structures for each molecule or...Ch. 9 - 78. Write Lewis structures for each molecule or...Ch. 9 - 79. Order these compounds in order of increasing...Ch. 9 - 80. Which compound shown here has the stronger...Ch. 9 - 81. Hydrogenation reactions are used to add...Ch. 9 - 82. Ethanol is a possible fuel. Use average bond...Ch. 9 - 83. Hydrogen, a potential future fuel, can be...Ch. 9 - 84. In the Chemistry and the Environment box on...Ch. 9 - 85. Write an appropriate Lewis structure for each...Ch. 9 - 86. Write an appropriate Lewis structure for each...Ch. 9 - 87. Each compound contains both ionic and covalent...Ch. 9 - 88. Each compound contains both ionic and covalent...Ch. 9 - 89. Carbon ring structures are common in organic...Ch. 9 - 90. Amino acids are the building blocks of...Ch. 9 - 91. Formic acid is responsible for the sting of...Ch. 9 - 92. Diazomethane is a highly poisonous, explosive...Ch. 9 - 93. The reaction of Fe2O3(s) with Al(s) to form...Ch. 9 - Prob. 94ECh. 9 - 95. Draw the Lewis structure for nitric acid (the...Ch. 9 - 96. Phosgene (Cl2CO) is a poisonous gas used as a...Ch. 9 - 97. The cyanate ion (OCN–) and the fulminate ion...Ch. 9 - Prob. 98ECh. 9 - Prob. 99ECh. 9 - 100. Use Lewis structures to explain why Br3– and...Ch. 9 - 101. Draw the Lewis structure for HCSNH2. (The...Ch. 9 - 102. Draw the Lewis structure for urea, H2NCONH2,...Ch. 9 - 103. Some theories of aging suggest that free...Ch. 9 - 104. Free radicals are important in many...Ch. 9 - Prob. 105ECh. 9 - 106. Calculate ΔHrxn for the combustion of octane...Ch. 9 - 107. Draw the Lewis structure for each...Ch. 9 - Prob. 108ECh. 9 - Prob. 109ECh. 9 - 110. Calculate for the reaction using the bond...Ch. 9 - Prob. 111ECh. 9 - Prob. 112ECh. 9 - 113. A compound composed of only carbon and...Ch. 9 - Prob. 114ECh. 9 - 115. The main component of acid rain (H2SO4) forms...Ch. 9 - 116. A 0.167-g sample of an unknown acid requires...Ch. 9 - Prob. 117ECh. 9 - Prob. 118ECh. 9 - Prob. 119ECh. 9 - 120. The standard heat of formation of CaBr2 is...Ch. 9 - Prob. 121ECh. 9 - Prob. 122ECh. 9 - Prob. 123ECh. 9 - Prob. 124ECh. 9 - Prob. 125ECh. 9 - 126. Which statement is true of an endothermic...Ch. 9 - Prob. 127ECh. 9 - Prob. 128ECh. 9 - Prob. 129E
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- d. In Figure 4, each stationary phase shows some negative correlation between plate count and retention factor. In other words, as k' increases, N decreases. Explain this relationship between k' and N. Plate Count (N) 4000 3500 2500 2000 1500 1000 Figure 4. Column efficiency (N) vs retention factor (k') for 22 nonionizable solutes on FMS (red), PGC (black), and COZ (green). 3000 Eluent compositions (acetonitrile/water, A/W) were adjusted to obtain k' less than 15, which was achieved for most solutes as follows: FMS (30/70 A/W), PGC (60/40), COZ (80/20). Slightly different compositions were used for the most highly retained solutes. All columns were 50 mm × 4.6 mm id and packed with 5 um particles, except for COZ, which was packed with 3 um particles. All other chromatographic conditions were constant: column length 5 cm, column j.§. 4.6 mm, flow rate 2 mL/min, column temperature 40 °C, and injection volume 0.5 μL Log(k'x/K'ethylbenzene) FMS 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 ཐྭ ཋ ཤྩ བྷྲ ; 500 0 5 10…arrow_forwardf. Predict how the van Deemter curve in Figure 7 would change if the temperature were raised from 40 °C to 55 °C. Figure 7. van Desmter curves in reduced coordinates for four nitroalkane homologues (nitropropane, black; nitrobutane, red; nitropentane, blue; and nitrohexane, green) separated on the FMS phase. Chromatographic conditions: column dimensions 50 mm × 4.6 mm id, eluent 30/70 ACN/water, flow rates 0.2-5.0 mL/min, injection volume 0.5 and column temperature 40 °C. No corrections to the plate heights have been made to account for extracolumn dispersion. Reduced Plate Height (h) ° 20 40 60 Reduced Velocity (v) 8. (2) A water sample is analyzed for traces of benzene using headspace analysis. The sample and standard are spiked with a fixed amount of toluene as an internal standard. The following data are obtained: Ppb benzene Peak area benzene Peak area toluene 10.0 252 376 Sample 533 368 What is the concentration of benzene in the sample?arrow_forwardLiquid chromatography has been used to track the concentration of remdesivir (a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, structure shown at right) in COVID patients undergoing experimental treatments. Intensity The authors provide the following details regarding standard solutions preparation: HN CN HO OH NH2 Remdesivir (RDV) stock solution (5000 µg/mL) was prepared by dissolving RDV drug powder using the mixture of DMSO: MeOH (30:70 v/v). The RDV working standard solutions for calibration and quality controls were prepared using methanol in concentrations of 100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01 µg/mL. 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 1000, and 5000 ng/mL sample solutions were prepared freshly by spiking calibration standard solutions into the blank human plasma samples for method calibration. a) What type of calibration method is being described? Why do you think the authors chose this method as opposed to another? b) Based on the details provided in part a, describe an appropriate method blank…arrow_forward
- Recent advancements in liquid chromatography include the development of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and an increased use of capillary columns that had previously only been used with gas chromatography. Both of these advances have made the development of portable LC systems possible. For example, Axcend Corp. makes a portable system that uses a capillary column with an internal diameter of 150-μm-that is packed with 1.7-um stationary phase particles. In contrast, a traditional LC column has a 4.6 mm internal diameter and utilizes 5-um stationary phase particles. a) Explain one advantage that is afforded by the use of a capillary column in liquid chromatographic separation. Explain one disadvantage of capillary columns. b) Explain how the use of smaller stationary phase particles can improve the resolution of a separation. Include any relevant equations that support your explanation. c) A scientist at Rowan University is using the Axcend LC to conduct analyses of F…arrow_forwardThis paper describes the use of fullerene molecules, also known as buckyballs, as a stationary phase for liquid chromatography. The performance of the fullerene-modified stationary phase (FMS) is compared to that of a more common C18 stationary phase and to two other carbon-based stationary phases, PGC and COZ. A. 10A OM B. - Figure 1. Idealized drawing of the cross-section of a pore inside a silica particle, showing the relative densities of aminopropylsilyl (red/green) and fullerene (blue) groups: (A) full cross- section; (B) detailed view of covalent bonding of fullerene to the silica surface. Surface densities of silyl and fullerene groups were inferred from elemental composition results obtained at each stage of the synthesis (see Table 1). Absorbance (mAU, 220 nm) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 a. Define selectivity, a, with words and an equation. b. Explain how the choice of stationary phase affects selectivity. c. Calculate the resolution of the nitrobenzene and toluene peaks in…arrow_forwardNormalized Intensity (a. u.) 0.5 1.0 A 3D-printed GC column (shown below) was created for use with "micro" gas chromatography applications. To prove its utility, it was used to separate a mixture of alkanes (C9-C18, C22, C24). For the separation shown below, the column temperature was ramped from 40 °C to 250 °C at a rate of 30 °C per minute. (a) 9 10 = 1 mm 12 13 15 22 0.0 0 100 200 300 400 Time (sec) a) What detector would you use for this analysis? Justify your selection. b) Explain how the chromatogram would change if the separation was run isothermally. c) Explain how the chromatogram would change if the temperature ramp were increased to 50 °C per minute.arrow_forward
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