Biology: Science for Life with Physiology (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321922212
Author: Colleen Belk, Virginia Borden Maier
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 9, Problem 2AAATB
Summary Introduction
To write:
The effects on a cell that undergoes a mutation to its RNA polymerase gene.
Introduction:
The RNA is a type of
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Process by which the DNA sequences encoding exons are exchanged and reordered through genetic recombination between DNA sequences encoding introns. Group of answer choices
a)RNA editing
b)Exon Definition
c) Exon Shuffling
d)Transesterification
This is a list of molecular changes that could happen during DNA replication, transcription, mRNA processing, or translation. For each, determine whether or not the change will be passed down through generations of cells after it occurs. Explain your answer.
C->G point mutation in the DNA of a coding region of a gene
A->T point mutation in the noncoding region of a gene
An error in transcription changes the mRNA sequence such that what was an amino acid-coding codon in the DNA sequence is now a stop codon in the mRNA sequence.
An error in translation causes the amino acid alanine (nonpolar) to be replaced by the amino acid glutamic acid (polar and negatively charged).
Put the following steps of transcription in order
Chapter 9 Solutions
Biology: Science for Life with Physiology (5th Edition)
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- Consider the following segment of a template strand of DNA: Part A -ATA AGC TTC GAC- What is the mRNA produced for the segment? -UAU-UCG-AAG-CUC- Part B Complete previous part(s) • Part C What is the mRNA if a mutation changes AGC to AAC? Part D Complete previous part(s) Part E What is the MRNA produced if G is inserted at the beginning of the DNA segment?arrow_forwardif you have the following sequence of DNA 5' ATTGCGGAGCCTCGAT 3' do the following:arrow_forwarda. Propose three different mutations to prevent initiation, elongation, and termination of bacterial DNA replication, respectively. Explain how/why each mutation would prevent its respective step. (Hint: mutations can be in genes that encode proteins or regulatory DNA sequences) b. In the early 1900s, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty performed an experiment in bacterial cells to determine whether DNA, RNA, or protein functions as the 'transforming molecule' (i.e. the genetic material). In your own words, how did their experiment (depicted in the figure below) help to answer that question?arrow_forward
- HIV causes AIDS by infecting and destroying the immune system. The virus injects RNA into cells and reverse transcribes RNA into DNA using a viral enzyme called HIV-reverse transcriptase (RT, or Pol). RT functions as a DNA polymerase by making polymers of DNA from the viral RNA template. The standard treatment for HIV infection involves targeting the action of RT (in combination with other inhibitors). However, HIV has a high mutation rate, and can develop 'escape' mutations that reduce inhibitor effectiveness. Two such mutations are the K65R (Lys at position 65 is mutated to Arg) and K70E (Lys at position 70 is mutated to Glu) variants. The structures of deoxythymidine (dT) (normal substrate for DNA polymerase and HIV-reverse transcriptase) and AZT, a drug used in the treatment of HIV, are shown below. AZT works by serving as an alternative substrate for RT. Ideally, it is incorporated to the new DNA strand with comparable efficiency. dT AZT NH HO deoxythymidine…arrow_forwardA cell has a mutated mediator protein. a) How will this affect transcription of genes? (circle an answer below) No transcription Weak transcription will occur Strong transcription will occur b) Why? Describe your choice abovearrow_forwardBelow is a template strand of DNA. Assume the transcription start site is outside of this sequence so that the whole sequence is transcribed. After the mRNA is made, what amino acid sequence would be translated from this sequence? Translation begins at the first start codon of the mRNA. DNA template strand: 5’ ...ACTGATGCCCATGGC... 3’ a)Met-Pro-Met b)Ala-Met-Gly-Ile-Ser c)Thr-Asp-Ala-His-Gly d)Met-Gly-Ile-Serarrow_forward
- Which of the following is not a reason that gene transcription is selective (occurs on specific segments of DNA)?Group of answer choices a) in eukaryotes, transcribed mRNA is processed to add a poly-A tail b) sigma factors direct RNA polymerase where to bind the DNA template c) promoters differ from gene to genearrow_forwardYou are a research scientist working in genetic engineering. You create a piece of DNA that you want to express in E. coli, a prokaryote. This piece of DNA consists of a bacterial promoter, a ribosome binding sequence (RBS), a eukaryotic gene and a terminator sequence. Do you think that this piece of DNA would be expressed if placed into an E. coli cell that contains all the machinery needed for gene expression?arrow_forwardSeveral different nucleic acids are involved in the process of getting a protein produced from a gene. DNA contains the "genetic code" for the protein. DNA is double-stranded, but only one strand is transcribed into MRNA. The MRNA then goes into the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein with the help of TRNA. At each stage of the process, there is base complementarity (A pairs with T/U and C pairs with G) between the nucleic acids involved to ensure the integrity of the DNA blueprint for the protein being produced. Therefore, some of the four strands of nucleic acids involved will match (except U replaces T in RNA) and some will have base complementarity. Indicate whether there is matching (1) or base complementarity (2) between the following nucleic acids. DNA sense strand and MRNA DNA sense strand and tRNA DNA antisense strand and MRNA MRNA and TRNAarrow_forward
- Amino acid sequences from a cell cycle control protein from a patient with cancer and a healthy person are aligned. The sequence from the cancer patient indicates one amino acid has changed from phenylalanine (Phe) to leucine (Leu). A mutation in the cancer patient's DNA must have taken place. Identify the result of this DNA change in the mRNA codon that led to this change in the protein sequence. Use the codon table to help you. UUU altered to UUA CAA altered to UUU UUU altered to UAUarrow_forward1) name three types of RNA in a cell and their functions; 9. What is the role of RNA polymerase? To answer the question please: 2) draw a scheme of RNA synthesis; 3) name the enzymes required for RNA synthesis.arrow_forward. You are interested in a eukaryotic protein involved in immunity, and you are attempting to express this protein in E. coli in order to produce large amounts of the protein. You have identified the gene and place a copy of the gene on a plasmid in E. coli next to a bacterial promoter sequence. You determine that lots of mRNA is made from your gene in your E. coli system, but the protein produced is larger and doesn't have the same properties as the eukaryotic protein you expected. What mistake have you made and how can you fix it?arrow_forward
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