Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation. Introduction: B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

If a bacterium using aerobic respiration was to degrade one small protein molecule into 8 molecules of pyruvic acid, how many ATP would that cell make? Assume there is no other carbon source. Units cannot be entered in this style of question but the units of your answer should be in molecules of ATP.

If a bacterium using aerobic respiration was to degrade a 30 mM solution of citric acid, how many ATP would that cell make? Assume no other carbon source is available. Units cannot be entered in this style of question but the units of your answer should be in mM of ATP.

How much ATP will be produced during the following metabolic scenario: Aerobic respiration of a 5mM lipid solution that is made up of one glycerol and an 8-carbon fatty acid and 12-carbon fatty acid. Recall that when glycerol breaks down to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate it costs one ATP but your get an extra FADH2. Every two carbons of a fatty acid break down to one acetyl-CoA. (pathways will be provided on the exam) Units cannot be entered in this style of question but the units of your answer should be in mM of ATP.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

Answer 6

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

Answer 7

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

Answer 12

Ch. 9 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 10Q

Videos

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 9 Solutions