Chapter 8.9, Problem 8.43YT

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given solutions are strong acids or strong bases and its list of the ions present in order of decreasing relative amount have to be classified.

Concept introduction:

Acids:

An acid is a substance that gives hydrogen ion ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ or a hydronium ion ${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}$ when dissolved in water.  A substance, which has an acidic nature, contains one or more hydrogen and an anionic group in its formula.

Example: ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$ (sulfuric acid) contains two hydrogens or hydrogen ion ${\text{2H}}^{\text{+}}$ and sulfate anion.  When sulfuric acid dissolves in water it produces Hydrogen ion or hydronium ion.

Base:

A Base is a substance which gives hydroxide ion ${\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}$ when dissolved in water.

Example

$\text{NaOH}$: It is a base since it contains ${\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}$ ion or hydroxide ion.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given solutions are strong acids or strong bases and its list of the ions present in order of decreasing relative amount have to be classified.

Concept introduction:

Acids:

An acid is a substance that gives hydrogen ion ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ or a hydronium ion ${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}$ when dissolved in water.  A substance, which has an acidic nature, contains one or more hydrogen and an anionic group in its formula.

Example: ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$ (sulfuric acid) contains two hydrogens or hydrogen ion ${\text{2H}}^{\text{+}}$ and sulfate anion.  When sulfuric acid dissolves in water it produces Hydrogen ion or hydronium ion.

Base:

A Base is a substance which gives hydroxide ion ${\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}$ when dissolved in water.

Example

$\text{NaOH}$: It is a base since it contains ${\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}$ ion or hydroxide ion.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given solutions are strong acids or strong bases and its list of the ions present in order of decreasing relative amount have to be classified.

Concept introduction:

Acids:

An acid is a substance that gives hydrogen ion ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ or a hydronium ion ${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}$ when dissolved in water.  A substance, which has an acidic nature, contains one or more hydrogen and an anionic group in its formula.

Example: ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$ (sulfuric acid) contains two hydrogens or hydrogen ion ${\text{2H}}^{\text{+}}$ and sulfate anion.  When sulfuric acid dissolves in water it produces Hydrogen ion or hydronium ion.

Base:

A Base is a substance which gives hydroxide ion ${\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}$ when dissolved in water.

Example

$\text{NaOH}$: It is a base since it contains ${\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}$ ion or hydroxide ion.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given solutions are strong acids or strong bases and its list of the ions present in order of decreasing relative amount have to be classified.

Concept introduction:

Acids:

An acid is a substance that gives hydrogen ion ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ or a hydronium ion ${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}$ when dissolved in water.  A substance, which has an acidic nature, contains one or more hydrogen and an anionic group in its formula.

Example: ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$ (sulfuric acid) contains two hydrogens or hydrogen ion ${\text{2H}}^{\text{+}}$ and sulfate anion.  When sulfuric acid dissolves in water it produces Hydrogen ion or hydronium ion.

Base:

A Base is a substance which gives hydroxide ion ${\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}$ when dissolved in water.

Example

$\text{NaOH}$: It is a base since it contains ${\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}$ ion or hydroxide ion.