
(a)
Interpretation:
The community water fluoridation is cited as one 10 greatest public health achievements of the 20th century by the U.S. Centers for disease control and prevention, the behind reason should be explained.
Concept introduction:
Dental Plaque: it is defined as a specific but highly variable structural entity resulting from sequential colorization and growth of microorganisms on the surface of teeth and restoration consisting of microorganisms of various strains and species embedded in the extra cellular matrix composed of bacteria
(b)
Interpretation:
Important in all communities water fluoridation is especially important low-income communities, the behind reason should be explained.
Concept introduction:
The upward adjustment of the concentration of fluride ion in a public health water supply such a way that concentration of fluride ion in water may be consistently maintained at one part per million by weight to prevent dental caries with minimum possibility of causing dental fluorosis.
Fluoridation: Fluride present during tooth formation provide caries resistance systematic incorporation of fluride into enamel during development.
(c)
Interpretation:
Some community’s water fluoridation is highly controversial. The arguments against adding fluride to drinking water the reason should be explained.
Concept introduction:
Fluoridation: Fluride present during tooth formation provide caries resistance systematic incorporation of fluride into enamel during development.
The upward adjustment of the concentration of fluride ion in a public health water supply such a way that concentration of fluride ion in water may be consistently maintained at one part per million by weight to prevent dental caries with minimum possibility of causing dental fluorosis.

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Chapter 8 Solutions
Chemistry In Context
- Use the observations about each chemical reaction in the table below to decide the sign (positive or negative) of the reaction enthalpy AH and reaction entropy AS. Note: if you have not been given enough information to decide a sign, select the "unknown" option. reaction observations conclusions ΔΗ is (pick one) A This reaction is faster above 103. °C than below. AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is (pick one) B This reaction is spontaneous only above -9. °C. AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is (pick one) C The reverse of this reaction is always spontaneous. AS is (pick one) 18 Ararrow_forwardUse the observations about each chemical reaction in the table below to decide the sign (positive or negative) of the reaction enthalpy AH and reaction entropy AS. Note: if you have not been given enough information to decide a sign, select the "unknown" option. reaction observations conclusions A The reverse of this reaction is always spontaneous but proceeds slower at temperatures below 41. °C. ΔΗ is (pick one) AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is (pick one) B This reaction is spontaneous except above 94. °C. AS is (pick one) This reaction is always spontaneous, but ΔΗ is (pick one) C proceeds slower at temperatures below −14. °C. AS is (pick one) Х 00. 18 Ar 무ㅎ B 1 1arrow_forwardDraw the product of the reaction shown below. Ignore inorganic byproducts. + H CH3CH2OH HCI Drawingarrow_forward
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- 1. Calculate the accurate monoisotopic mass (using all 1H, 12C, 14N, 160 and 35CI) for your product using the table in your lab manual. Don't include the Cl, since you should only have [M+H]*. Compare this to the value you see on the LC-MS printout. How much different are they? 2. There are four isotopic peaks for the [M+H]* ion at m/z 240, 241, 242 and 243. For one point of extra credit, explain what each of these is and why they are present. 3. There is a fragment ion at m/z 184. For one point of extra credit, identify this fragment and confirm by calculating the accurate monoisotopic mass. 4. The UV spectrum is also at the bottom of your printout. For one point of extra credit, look up the UV spectrum of bupropion on Google Images and compare to your spectrum. Do they match? Cite your source. 5. For most of you, there will be a second chromatographic peak whose m/z is 74 (to a round number). For one point of extra credit, see if you can identify this molecule as well and confirm by…arrow_forwardPlease draw, not just describe!arrow_forwardcan you draw each step on a piece of a paper please this is very confusing to mearrow_forward
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