Explanation Given: The given differential equation is, x 2 y ″ + y ′ − 2 y = 0 . Approach: The method of Frobenius: To derive a series solution about the singular point x 0 of the equation a 2 ( x ) y ″ ( x ) + a 1 ( x ) y ′ ( x ) + a 0 ( x ) y ( x ) = 0 , x > x 0 … ( 1 ) The following steps are given below. 1. Set p ( x ) = a 1 ( x ) a 2 ( x ) , q ( x ) = a 0 ( x ) a 2 ( x ) . If both ( x − x 0 ) p ( x ) and ( x − x 0 ) 2 q ( x ) are analytic at x 0 , then x 0 is a regular point and remaining steps apply. 2. Let w ( r , x ) = ( x − x 0 ) r ∑ n = 0 ∞ a n ( x − x 0 ) n = ∑ n = 0 ∞ a n ( x − x 0 ) n + r … ( 2 ) And, using term wise differentiation, substitute w ( r , x ) into equation ( 1 ) to obtain an equation of the form A 0 ( x − x 0 ) r + J + A 1 ( x − x 0 ) r + J + 1 + ... = 0 3. Set the coefficients A 0 , A 1 , A 3 , equal to zero. [Notice that the equation A 0 = 0 is just a constant multiple of the indicial equation r ( r − 1 ) + p 0 r + q 0 = 0 here, p 0 = lim x → 0 x p ( x ) , q 0 = lim x → 0 x 2 q ( x ) , and r 0 = lim x → 0 x 3 r ( x ) .] 4. Use the system of equations A 0 = 0 , A 1 = 0 , ... , A k = 0 to find a recurrence relation involving a k and a 0 , a 1 ,…, a k − 1 . 5. Take r = r 1 , the larger root of the indicial equation, and use the obtained in step 4 to determine a 1 , a 2 ,…, recursively in terms of a 0 and r 1 . 6. A series expansion of a solution to equation ( 1 ) is, w ( r 1 , x ) = ( x − x 0 ) r 1 ∑ n = 0 ∞ a n ( x − x 0 ) n , x > x 0 … ( 3 ) Where a 0 is arbitrary and the a n ’s are defined in terms of a 0 and r 1 . Frobenius’s theorem: If x 0 is a regular singular point of equation ( 1 ) , then there exists at least one series solution of the form ( 3 ) , where r = r 1 is the larger root of the associated indicial equation. Moreover, this series converges for all x such that 0 < x − x 0 < R , where R is the distance from x 0 to the nearest other singular point (real or complex) of equation ( 1 ) . Calculation: The given equation is, x 2 y ″ + y ′ − 2 y = 0 p ( x ) = 1 x 2 and q ( x ) = − 2 x 2

Fundamentals of Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems

7th Edition

ISBN: 9780321977106

Author: Nagle, R. Kent

Publisher: Pearson Education, Limited

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Chapter 8.6, Problem 40E

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Chapter 8.6, Problem 39E

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Solution to the given differential equation using the method of Frobenius.

Solution Summary: The author explains how the Frobenius method does not work for irregular singular points.

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Solution to the given differential equation using the method of Frobenius.