Reasonable structures for two isomeric chlorides formed in the addition of hydrogen chloride in approximately equal amounts for 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene are to be suggested. A mechanistic explanation for their formation is to be given. Concept introduction: Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that react with substances that are added to the double bond. Thus, they show addition reactions. When an unsymmetrically substituted alkene is reacted with a hydrogen chloride, a proton is added to the carbon that has the greater number of hydrogen atoms, and chlorine is added to the carbon that hasfewer number of hydrogen atoms. This is Markovnikov's rule of addition. A less stable carbocation is rearranged to a more stable carbocation through carbocation rearrangements such as hydride or methyl shift.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 8.5, Problem 7P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Reasonable structures for two isomeric chlorides formed in the addition of hydrogen chloride in approximately equal amounts for 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene are to be suggested. A mechanistic explanation for their formation is to be given.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that react with substances that are added to the double bond. Thus, they show addition reactions.

When an unsymmetrically substituted alkene is reacted with a hydrogen chloride, a proton is added to the carbon that has the greater number of hydrogen atoms, and chlorine is added to the carbon that hasfewer number of hydrogen atoms. This is Markovnikov's rule of addition.

A less stable carbocation is rearranged to a more stable carbocation through carbocation rearrangements such as hydride or methyl shift.

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Answer 2

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Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 8.5, Problem 7P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Reasonable structures for two isomeric chlorides formed in the addition of hydrogen chloride in approximately equal amounts for 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene are to be suggested. A mechanistic explanation for their formation is to be given.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that react with substances that are added to the double bond. Thus, they show addition reactions.

When an unsymmetrically substituted alkene is reacted with a hydrogen chloride, a proton is added to the carbon that has the greater number of hydrogen atoms, and chlorine is added to the carbon that hasfewer number of hydrogen atoms. This is Markovnikov's rule of addition.

A less stable carbocation is rearranged to a more stable carbocation through carbocation rearrangements such as hydride or methyl shift.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 8.5, Problem 7P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Reasonable structures for two isomeric chlorides formed in the addition of hydrogen chloride in approximately equal amounts for 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene are to be suggested. A mechanistic explanation for their formation is to be given.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that react with substances that are added to the double bond. Thus, they show addition reactions.

When an unsymmetrically substituted alkene is reacted with a hydrogen chloride, a proton is added to the carbon that has the greater number of hydrogen atoms, and chlorine is added to the carbon that hasfewer number of hydrogen atoms. This is Markovnikov's rule of addition.

A less stable carbocation is rearranged to a more stable carbocation through carbocation rearrangements such as hydride or methyl shift.

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 8.5, Problem 7P

Interpretation Introduction