Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305887831
Author: Tan
Publisher: CENGAGE CO
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Question
Chapter 8.3, Problem 8E
To determine
To find: The critical points and relative extrema of the function; classify the nature of the points, if possible.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
3. We'd like to know the first time when the population reaches 7000 people. First, graph the
function from part (a) on your calculator or Desmos. In the same window, graph the line y =
7000. Notice that you will need to adjust your window so that you can see values as big as
7000! Investigate the intersection of the two graphs. (This video shows you how to find the
intersection on your calculator, or in Desmos just hover the cursor over the point.) At what
value t> 0 does the line intersect with your exponential function? Round your answer to two
decimal places. (You don't need to show work for this part.) (2 points)
Suppose the planet of Tattooine currently has a population of 6500 people and an annual growth rate of
0.35%. Use this information for all the problems below.
1. Find an exponential function f(t) that gives the population of Tattooine t years from now. (3
points)
A house was valued at $95,000 in the year 1988. The value appreciated to $170,000 by the year 2007.
A) If the value is growing exponentially, what was the annual growth rate between 1988 and 2007?
Round the growth rate to 4 decimal places.
r =
B) What is the correct answer to part A written in percentage form?
r = 3
%.
Chapter 8 Solutions
Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences
Ch. 8.1 - What is a function of two variables? Give an...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 2CQCh. 8.1 - Prob. 3CQCh. 8.1 - Prob. 1ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 2ECh. 8.1 - Let f(x, y) = x2+ 2xy x + 3. Compute f(1, 2),...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 4ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 5ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 6ECh. 8.1 - Let h(s, t) = s ln t t ln s. Compute h(1, e),...
Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 8ECh. 8.1 - Let g(r, s, t) = res/t. Compute g(1, 1, 1), g(1,...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 10ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 11ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 12ECh. 8.1 - In Exercises 11-18, find the domain of the...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 14ECh. 8.1 - In Exercises 11-18, find the domain of the...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 16ECh. 8.1 - In Exercises 11-18, find the domain of the...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 18ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 19ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 20ECh. 8.1 - In Exercises 19-24, sketch the level curves of the...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 22ECh. 8.1 - In Exercises 1924, sketch the level curves of the...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 24ECh. 8.1 - Find an equation of the level curve of f (x, y) =...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 26ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 27ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 28ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 29ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 30ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 31ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 32ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 33ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 34ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 35ECh. 8.1 - POISEITLLES LAW Poiseuilles Law states that the...Ch. 8.1 - COST FUNCTION FOR A LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEM Acrosonic...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 38ECh. 8.1 - REVENUE FUNCTIONS FOR DESKS Country Workshop...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 40ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 41ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 42ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 43ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 44ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 45ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 46ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 47ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 48ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 49ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 50ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 51ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 52ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 53ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 54ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 55ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 56ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 57ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 58ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 59ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 60ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 61ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 62ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 63ECh. 8.1 - Prob. 64ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 1CQCh. 8.2 - Prob. 2CQCh. 8.2 - Prob. 3CQCh. 8.2 - Prob. 4CQCh. 8.2 - Prob. 1ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 2ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 3ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 4ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 5ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 6ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 7ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 8ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 9ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 10ECh. 8.2 - In Exercises 3-24, find the first partial...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 12ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 13ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 14ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 15ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 16ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 17ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 18ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 19ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 20ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 21ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 22ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 23ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 24ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 25ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 26ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 27ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 28ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 29ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 30ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 31ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 32ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 33ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 34ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 35ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 36ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 37ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 38ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 39ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 40ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 41ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 42ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 43ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 44ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 45ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 46ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 47ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 48ECh. 8.2 - PROFIT FUNCTIONS The monthly profit (in dollars)...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 50ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 51ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 52ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 54ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 55ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 56ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 57ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 58ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 59ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 60ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 61ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 62ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 63ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 64ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 66ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 67ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 68ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 69ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 70ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 72ECh. 8.2 - Prob. 1TECh. 8.2 - Prob. 2TECh. 8.2 - Prob. 3TECh. 8.2 - Prob. 4TECh. 8.2 - Prob. 5TECh. 8.2 - Prob. 6TECh. 8.3 - Explain the terms (a) relative maximum of a...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 2CQCh. 8.3 - Prob. 3CQCh. 8.3 - Prob. 4CQCh. 8.3 - Prob. 1ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 2ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 3ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 4ECh. 8.3 - In Exercises 1-20, find the critical point(s) of...Ch. 8.3 - In Exercises 1-20, find the critical point(s) of...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 7ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 8ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 9ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 10ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 11ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 12ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 13ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 14ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 15ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 16ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 17ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 18ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 19ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 20ECh. 8.3 - MAXIMIZATION PROFIT The total weekly revenue (in...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 22ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 23ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 24ECh. 8.3 - MAXIMIZING REVENUE The management of Cal...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 26ECh. 8.3 - MAXIMIZING PROFIT Johnsons Household Products has...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 28ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 29ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 30ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 31ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 32ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 33ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 34ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 35ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 36ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 37ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 38ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 39ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 40ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 41ECh. 8.3 - Prob. 42ECh. 8.4 - Explain the terms (a) scatter diagram and (b)...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 2CQCh. 8.4 - Prob. 4CQCh. 8.4 - Prob. 1ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 2ECh. 8.4 - In Exercises 16, (a) find an equation of the...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 4ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 5ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 6ECh. 8.4 - COLLEGE ADMISSIONS The following data, compiled by...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 8ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 9ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 10ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 11ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 12ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 13ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 14ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 15ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 16ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 17ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 18ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 19ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 20ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 21ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 22ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 23ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 24ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 25ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 26ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 27ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 29ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 30ECh. 8.4 - Prob. 1TECh. 8.4 - Prob. 2TECh. 8.4 - Prob. 3TECh. 8.4 - Prob. 4TECh. 8.4 - Prob. 5TECh. 8.4 - Prob. 6TECh. 8.4 - Prob. 7TECh. 8.4 - Prob. 8TECh. 8.4 - Prob. 9TECh. 8.5 - What is a constrained relative extremum of a...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 2CQCh. 8.5 - Prob. 1ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 2ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 3ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 4ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 5ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 6ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 7ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 8ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 9ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 10ECh. 8.5 - In Exercises 1-16. use the method of Lagrange...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 12ECh. 8.5 - In Exercises 1-16. use the method of Lagrange...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 14ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 15ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 16ECh. 8.5 - MAXIMIZING PROFIT The total weekly profit (in...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 18ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 19ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 20ECh. 8.5 - PACKAGING Find the dimensions of an open...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 22ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 23ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 24ECh. 8.5 - MINIMIZING CONTAINER COSTS The Betty Moore Company...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 26ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 27ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 28ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 29ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 30ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 31ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 33ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 34ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 36ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 38ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 39ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 40ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 41ECh. 8.5 - Prob. 42ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 1CQCh. 8.6 - Prob. 2CQCh. 8.6 - Prob. 1ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 2ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 3ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 4ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 5ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 6ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 7ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 8ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 9ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 10ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 11ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 12ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 13ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 14ECh. 8.6 - In Exercises 318, find the total differential of...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 16ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 17ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 18ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 19ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 20ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 21ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 22ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 23ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 24ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 25ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 26ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 27ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 28ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 29ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 30ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 31ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 32ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 33ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 34ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 35ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 36ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 37ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 38ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 39ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 40ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 41ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 42ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 43ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 44ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 45ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 46ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 47ECh. 8.6 - Prob. 48ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 1CQCh. 8.7 - Prob. 2CQCh. 8.7 - Prob. 3CQCh. 8.7 - Prob. 4CQCh. 8.7 - Prob. 1ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 2ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 3ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 4ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 5ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 6ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 7ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 8ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 9ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 10ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 11ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 12ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 13ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 14ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 15ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 16ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 17ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 18ECh. 8.7 - In Exercises 1-25. evaluate the double integral...Ch. 8.7 - Prob. 20ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 21ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 22ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 23ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 24ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 25ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 26ECh. 8.7 - Prob. 27ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 1CQCh. 8.8 - Prob. 2CQCh. 8.8 - Prob. 3CQCh. 8.8 - Prob. 1ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 2ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 3ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 4ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 5ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 6ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 7ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 8ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 9ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 10ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 11ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 12ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 13ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 14ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 15ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 16ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 17ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 18ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 19ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 20ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 21ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 22ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 23ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 24ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 25ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 26ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 27ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 28ECh. 8.8 - Prob. 29ECh. 8 - Prob. 1CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 2CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 3CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 4CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 5CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 6CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 7CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 8CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 9CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 10CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 11CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 12CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 13CRQCh. 8 - Prob. 1RECh. 8 - Prob. 2RECh. 8 - Prob. 3RECh. 8 - Prob. 4RECh. 8 - Prob. 5RECh. 8 - Prob. 6RECh. 8 - Prob. 7RECh. 8 - Prob. 8RECh. 8 - Prob. 9RECh. 8 - Prob. 10RECh. 8 - Prob. 11RECh. 8 - Prob. 12RECh. 8 - Prob. 13RECh. 8 - Prob. 14RECh. 8 - Prob. 15RECh. 8 - Prob. 16RECh. 8 - Prob. 17RECh. 8 - Prob. 18RECh. 8 - Prob. 19RECh. 8 - Prob. 20RECh. 8 - Prob. 21RECh. 8 - Prob. 22RECh. 8 - Prob. 23RECh. 8 - Prob. 24RECh. 8 - Prob. 25RECh. 8 - Prob. 26RECh. 8 - Prob. 27RECh. 8 - Prob. 28RECh. 8 - Prob. 29RECh. 8 - Prob. 30RECh. 8 - Prob. 31RECh. 8 - Prob. 32RECh. 8 - Prob. 33RECh. 8 - Prob. 34RECh. 8 - Prob. 35RECh. 8 - Prob. 36RECh. 8 - Prob. 37RECh. 8 - Prob. 38RECh. 8 - Prob. 39RECh. 8 - Prob. 40RECh. 8 - Prob. 41RECh. 8 - Prob. 42RECh. 8 - Prob. 43RECh. 8 - Prob. 44RECh. 8 - Prob. 45RECh. 8 - Prob. 46RECh. 8 - Prob. 47RECh. 8 - Prob. 48RECh. 8 - Prob. 49RECh. 8 - Prob. 50RECh. 8 - Prob. 51RECh. 8 - Prob. 52RECh. 8 - Prob. 53RECh. 8 - Prob. 54RECh. 8 - Prob. 55RECh. 8 - Prob. 56RECh. 8 - Prob. 57RECh. 8 - Prob. 59RECh. 8 - Prob. 60RECh. 8 - Prob. 61RECh. 8 - Prob. 62RECh. 8 - Prob. 1BMCh. 8 - Prob. 2BMCh. 8 - Prob. 3BMCh. 8 - Prob. 4BMCh. 8 - Prob. 5BMCh. 8 - Prob. 6BMCh. 8 - Prob. 7BM
Knowledge Booster
Similar questions
- B G R + K Match each equation with a graph above - 3(0.9)* 1 a. green (G) 3(1.5)* b. black (K) 3(0.73)* c. blue (B) d. red (R) I ✪ 4(1.21)* - 3(1.21)* e. orange (O)arrow_forwardSuppose the planet of Tattooine currently has a population of 6500 people and an annual growth rate of 0.35%. Use this information for all the problems below.arrow_forwardTwo cables tied together at C are loaded as shown. Given: Q = 130 lb. 8 30° C B Q 3 4 Draw the free-body diagram needed to determine the range of values of P for which both cables remain taut.arrow_forward
- Cable AB is 103 ft long and the tension in the cable is 3900 lb. 56 ft A 50° 20° B x C Identify the angles 0.0, and 8, that define the direction of force. 1 By N 2 Match each of the options above to the items below. 142.1° 57.1° 73.3° 3 8.arrow_forwardIn the given figure, P = 51 lb . 65° C 25° 35° 75 lb P Determine the corresponding magnitude of the resultant. The corresponding magnitude of the resultant is| lb.arrow_forwardCable AB is 103 ft long and the tension in the cable is 3900 lb. 56 ft D y A B 20° 50° x C Identify the x, y, and z components of the force exerted by the cable on the anchor B. 1 F. FI 3 Fy 2 Match each of the options above to the items below. 2,120 lb 1,120 lb -3,076 lbarrow_forward
- In the given figure, P = 51 lb. 65° 25° 35° 75 lb P B Determine the required tension in cable AC, knowing that the resultant of the three forces exerted at point C of boom BC must be directed along BC. The required tension in cable AC is lb.arrow_forwardhelp on this question about Laplace transformation?arrow_forwardHelp me expand this fraction below.arrow_forward
- determine the final and initial value of the expression below: Helparrow_forwardThe boom OA carries a load P and is supported by two cables as shown. Knowing that the tension in cable AB is 190 lb and that the resultant of the load P and of the forces exerted at A by the two cables must be directed along OA, determine the tension in cable AC. 29 in. B 24 in. 36 in. C 25 in. 48 in.. Aarrow_forwardFind the distance (d) from the point (8, -7, -1) to the plane 3x+5y-3z = -60.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw Hill
Algebra for College StudentsAlgebraISBN:9781285195780Author:Jerome E. Kaufmann, Karen L. SchwittersPublisher:Cengage Learning
Algebra & Trigonometry with Analytic GeometryAlgebraISBN:9781133382119Author:SwokowskiPublisher:Cengage
Algebra: Structure And Method, Book 1AlgebraISBN:9780395977224Author:Richard G. Brown, Mary P. Dolciani, Robert H. Sorgenfrey, William L. ColePublisher:McDougal Littell
College AlgebraAlgebraISBN:9781305115545Author:James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem WatsonPublisher:Cengage Learning
Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...
Algebra
ISBN:9780079039897
Author:Carter
Publisher:McGraw Hill
Algebra for College Students
Algebra
ISBN:9781285195780
Author:Jerome E. Kaufmann, Karen L. Schwitters
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Algebra & Trigonometry with Analytic Geometry
Algebra
ISBN:9781133382119
Author:Swokowski
Publisher:Cengage
Algebra: Structure And Method, Book 1
Algebra
ISBN:9780395977224
Author:Richard G. Brown, Mary P. Dolciani, Robert H. Sorgenfrey, William L. Cole
Publisher:McDougal Littell
College Algebra
Algebra
ISBN:9781305115545
Author:James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem Watson
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...
Algebra
ISBN:9780547587776
Author:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Publisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL