Problem 8.1QP: Briefly describe the significance of Mendeleevs periodic table. Problem 8.2QP: What is Moseleys contribution to the modern periodic table? Problem 8.3QP: Describe the general layout of a modern periodic table. Problem 8.4QP: What is the most important relationship among elements in the same group in the periodic table? Problem 8.5QP Problem 8.6QP Problem 8.7QP Problem 8.8QP: What is a representative element? Give names and symbols of four representative elements. Problem 8.9QP Problem 8.10QP Problem 8.11QP: You are given a dark shiny solid and asked to determine whether it is iodine or a metallic element.... Problem 8.12QP: What are valence electrons? For representative elements, the number of valence electrons of an... Problem 8.13QP: Write the outer electron configurations for the (a) alkali metals, (b) alkaline earth metals, (c)... Problem 8.14QP: Use the first-row transition metals (Sc to Cu) as an example to illustrate the characteristics of... Problem 8.15QP: The electron configurations of ions derived from representative elements follow a common pattern.... Problem 8.16QP: What do we mean when we say that two ions or an atom and an ion are isoelectronic? Problem 8.17QP: What is wrong with the statement The atoms of element X are isoelectronic with the atoms of element... Problem 8.18QP: Give three examples of first-row transition metal (Sc to Cu) ions whose electron configurations are... Problem 8.19QP: In the periodic table, the element hydrogen is sometimes grouped with the alkali metals (as in this... Problem 8.20QP: A neutral atom of a certain element has 17 electrons. Without consulting a periodic table, (a) write... Problem 8.21QP: Group the following electron configurations in pairs that would represent similar chemical... Problem 8.22QP: Group the following electron configurations in pairs that would represent similar chemical... Problem 8.23QP: Without referring to a periodic table, write the electron configuration of elements with the... Problem 8.24QP: Specify the group of the periodic table in which each of the following elements is found: (a)... Problem 8.25QP Problem 8.26QP: A metal ion with a net +3 charge has five electrons in the 3d subshell. Identify the metal. Problem 8.27QP Problem 8.28QP: Write the ground-state electron configurations of the following ions, which play important roles in... Problem 8.29QP: Write the ground-state electron configurations of the following transition metal ions: (a) Sc3+, (b)... Problem 8.30QP: Name the ions with +3 charges that have the following electron configurations: (a) [Ar]3d3, (b)... Problem 8.31QP: Which of the following species are isoelectronic with each other? C, Cl, Mn2+, B, Ar, Zn, Fe3+, Ge2+ Problem 8.32QP: Group the species that are isoelectronic: Be2+, F, Fe2+, N3, He, S2, Co3+, Ar. Problem 8.33QP Problem 8.34QP: How does atomic radius change (a) from left to right across a period and (b) from top to bottom in a... Problem 8.35QP Problem 8.36QP: Explain why, for isoelectronic ions, the anions are larger than the cations. Problem 8.37QP Problem 8.38QP: Arrange the following atoms in order of decreasing atomic radius: Na, Al, P, Cl, Mg. Problem 8.39QP Problem 8.40QP: Which is the smallest atom in Group 7A? Problem 8.41QP: Why is the radius of the lithium atom considerably larger than the radius of the hydrogen atom? Problem 8.42QP: Use the second period of the periodic table as an example to show that the size of atoms decreases... Problem 8.43QP: Indicate which one of the two species in each of the following pairs is smaller: (a) Cl or Cl; (b)... Problem 8.44QP: List the following ions in order of increasing ionic radius: N3, Na+, F, Mg2+, O2. Problem 8.45QP Problem 8.46QP: Explain which of the following anions is larger, and why: Se2 or Te2. Problem 8.47QP: Give the physical states (gas, liquid, or solid) of the representative elements in the fourth period... Problem 8.48QP Problem 8.49QP Problem 8.50QP: Sketch the outline of the periodic table and show group and period trends in the first ionization... Problem 8.51QP: Arrange the following in order of increasing first ionization energy: Na, Cl, Al, S, and Cs. Problem 8.52QP Problem 8.53QP Problem 8.54QP: In general, ionization energy increases from left to right across a given period. Aluminum, however,... Problem 8.55QP Problem 8.56QP: Two atoms have the electron configurations 1s22s22p6 and 1s22s22p63s1. The first ionization energy... Problem 8.57QP Problem 8.58QP: Plasma is a state of matter consisting of positive gaseous ions and electrons. In the plasma state,... Problem 8.59QP Problem 8.60QP Problem 8.61QP: Arrange the elements in each of the following groups in increasing order of the most positive... Problem 8.62QP: Specify which of the following elements you would expect to have the greatest electron affinity and... Problem 8.63QP: Considering their electron affinities, do you think it is possible for the alkali metals to form an... Problem 8.64QP: Explain why alkali metals have a greater affinity for electrons than alkaline earth metals. Problem 8.65QP: What is meant by the diagonal relationship? Name two pairs of elements that show this relationship. Problem 8.66QP Problem 8.67QP: Use the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals as examples to show how we can predict the chemical... Problem 8.68QP: Based on your knowledge of the chemistry of the alkali metals, predict some of the chemical... Problem 8.69QP: As a group, the noble gases are very stable chemically (only Kr and Xe are known to form compounds).... Problem 8.70QP Problem 8.71QP Problem 8.72QP: Write balanced equations for the reactions between each of the following oxides and water: (a) Li2O,... Problem 8.73QP: Write formulas for and name the binary hydrogen compounds of the second-period elements (Li to F).... Problem 8.74QP: Which oxide is more basic, MgO or BaO? Why? Problem 8.75QP: State whether each of the following properties of the representative elements generally increases or... Problem 8.76QP: With reference to the periodic table, name (a) a halogen element in the fourth period, (b) an... Problem 8.77QP: Write equations representing the following processes: (a) The electron affinity of S (b) The third... Problem 8.78QP: List all the common ions of representative elements and transition metals that are isoelectronic... Problem 8.79QP: Write the empirical (or molecular) formulas of compounds that the elements in the third period... Problem 8.80QP: Element M is a shiny and highly reactive metal (melting point 63C), and element X is a highly... Problem 8.81QP: Match each of the elements on the right with its description on the left: (a)A dark-red... Problem 8.82QP: Arrange the following species in isoelectronic pairs: O+, Ar, S2, Ne, Zn, Cs+, N3, As3+, N, Xe. Problem 8.83QP Problem 8.84QP: Which of the following properties show a clear periodic variation: (a) first ionization energy, (b)... Problem 8.85QP Problem 8.86QP Problem 8.88QP Problem 8.89QP: For each pair of elements listed, give three properties that show their chemical similarity: (a)... Problem 8.90QP: Name the element that forms compounds, under appropriate conditions, with every other element in the... Problem 8.91QP: Explain why the first electron affinity of sulfur is 200 kJ/mol but the second electron affinity is... Problem 8.92QP: The H ion and the He atom have two 1s electrons each. Which of the two species is larger? Explain. Problem 8.93QP: Predict the products of the following oxides with water: Na2O, BaO, CO2, N2O5, P4O10, SO3. Write an... Problem 8.94QP Problem 8.95QP Problem 8.96QP Problem 8.97QP Problem 8.98QP: The formula for calculating the energies of an electron in a hydrogenlike ion is given in Problem... Problem 8.99QP: Why do noble gases have negative electron affinity values? Problem 8.100QP: The atomic radius of K is 227 pm and that of K+ is 133 pm. Calculate the percent decrease in volume... Problem 8.101QP: The atomic radius of F is 72 pm and that of F is 133 pm. Calculate the percent increase in volume... Problem 8.102QP Problem 8.103QP: Referring to the Chemistry in Action essay Discovery of the Noble Gases in Section 8.6, answer the... Problem 8.104QP Problem 8.105QP Problem 8.106QP Problem 8.107QP: Identify the ions whose orbital diagrams for the valence electrons are shown. The charges of the... Problem 8.108QP Problem 8.109QP Problem 8.110QP Problem 8.111QP: Explain, in terms of their electron configurations, why Fe2+ is more easily oxidized to Fe3+ than... Problem 8.112QP: The standard enthalpy of atomization of an element is the energy required to convert one mole of an... Problem 8.113QP: Write the formulas and names of the hydrides of the following second-period elements: Li, C, N, O,... Problem 8.114QP Problem 8.115QP Problem 8.116QP Problem 8.117QP: Write a balanced equation for the preparation of (a) molecular oxygen, (b) ammonia, (c) carbon... Problem 8.118QP: Write chemical formulas for oxides of nitrogen with the following oxidation numbers: +1, +2, +3, +4,... Problem 8.119QP Problem 8.120QP: In general, atomic radius and ionization energy have opposite periodic trends. Why? Problem 8.121QP: Explain why the electron affinity of nitrogen is approximately zero, while the elements on either... Problem 8.122QP Problem 8.123QP: Write a balanced equation that predicts the reaction of rubidium (Rb) with (a) H2O(l), (b) Cl2(g),... Problem 8.124QP Problem 8.125QP Problem 8.126QP Problem 8.127QP Problem 8.128QP: Predict the atomic number and ground-state electron configuration of the next member of the alkali... Problem 8.129QP Problem 8.130QP Problem 8.131QP Problem 8.132QP Problem 8.133QP Problem 8.134QP: Both Mg2+ and Ca2+ are important biological ions. One of their functions is to bind to the phosphate... Problem 8.135QP: Match each of the elements on the right with its description on the left: (a) A pale yellow gas that... Problem 8.136QP Problem 8.137QP: On the same graph, plot the effective nuclear charge (see Section 8.3) and atomic radius (see Figure... Problem 8.138QP: One allotropic form of an element X is a colorless crystalline solid. The reaction of X with an... Problem 8.139QP Problem 8.140QP Problem 8.141QP: Use your knowledge of thermochemistry to calculate the H for the following processes: (a) Cl(g) ... Problem 8.142QP: Referring to Table 8.2, explain why the first ionization energy of helium is less than twice the... Problem 8.143QP Problem 8.144QP: One way to estimate the effective charge (Zeff) of a many-electron atom is to use the equation IE1 =... Problem 8.145QP: To prevent the formation of oxides, peroxides, and superoxides, alkali metals are sometimes stored... Problem 8.146QP Problem 8.147QP: Recent theoretical calculations suggest that astatine may be a monoatomic metal rather than a... Problem 8.148IME Problem 8.149IME: Compare the work function for cesium (206 kJ/mol) with its first ionization energy (376 kJ/mol).... Problem 8.150IME Problem 8.151IME Problem 8.152IME Problem 8.153IME: Using the following boiling-point data, estimate the boiling point of francium: Metal Li Na K Rb Cs... Problem 8.154IME Problem 8.155IME format_list_bulleted