Chapter 8, Problem 8.82P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the compounds of ${\text{Ti}}^{2+}$ are paramagnetic or not is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The electronic configuration of an element tells about the distribution of electrons in the atomic orbitals. It is used to predict the physical, chemical, electrical and magnetic properties of the substance.

Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism where the materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field. It is due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the materials so all the atoms with incompletely filled atomic orbital are paramagnetic.

The intensity of paramagnetism increases with the increase in the number of unpaired electrons. Due to their spin, the unpaired electrons have a magnetic dipole moment and act like tiny magnets.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the compounds of ${\text{Zn}}^{2+}$ are paramagnetic or not is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The electronic configuration of an element tells about the distribution of electrons in the atomic orbitals. It is used to predict the physical, chemical, electrical and magnetic properties of the substance.

Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism where the materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field. It is due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the materials so all the atoms with incompletely filled atomic orbital are paramagnetic.

The intensity of paramagnetism increases with the increase in the number of unpaired electrons. Due to their spin, the unpaired electrons have a magnetic dipole moment and act like tiny magnets.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the compounds of ${\text{Ca}}^{2+}$ are paramagnetic or not is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The electronic configuration of an element tells about the distribution of electrons in the atomic orbitals. It is used to predict the physical, chemical, electrical and magnetic properties of the substance.

Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism where the materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field. It is due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the materials so all the atoms with incompletely filled atomic orbital are paramagnetic.

The intensity of paramagnetism increases with the increase in the number of unpaired electrons. Due to their spin, the unpaired electrons have a magnetic dipole moment and act like tiny magnets.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the compounds of ${\text{Sn}}^{2+}$ are paramagnetic or not is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The electronic configuration of an element tells about the distribution of electrons in the atomic orbitals. It is used to predict the physical, chemical, electrical and magnetic properties of the substance.

Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism where the materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field. It is due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the materials so all the atoms with incompletely filled atomic orbital are paramagnetic.

The intensity of paramagnetism increases with the increase in the number of unpaired electrons. Due to their spin, the unpaired electrons have a magnetic dipole moment and act like tiny magnets.