Interpretation: The given statement that elements with high ionization energy will have positive
Concept Introduction:
Atomic radius:
Atomic radius is the distance between the atomic nucleus and outermost electron of an atom. From the atomic radius, the size of atoms can be visualized. But there is no specific distance from nucleus to electron due to electron cloud around the atom does not have well-defined boundary.
Periodic Table: The available chemical elements are arranged considering their atomic number, the electronic configuration and their properties. The elements placed on the left of the table are metals and non-metals are placed on right side of the table.
In periodic table the horizontal rows are called periods and the vertical column are called group. There are seven periods and 18 groups present in the table and some of those groups are given particular name as follows,
Mass number:It is given by the total number of protons and the neutrons present in the nucleus of the element and it is denoted by symbol A. The subscript that lies on the left side of the symbol of the element represents the mass number.
First ionization energy:
The ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the electron from an isolated atom which is in the gaseous state results to give gaseous ion with one positive charge.
Second ionization:
Repeating the same process that is removal of another electron that is second electron from the resulting ion of first ionization is called second ionization.
Third ionization energy:
Removal of electron from ion that results from the second ionization is called third ionization which results to give ion with three positive charges which shows, three electrons gets removed from the atom and the energy associated with it is called third ionization energy.
Cation: Removal of electron from the atom results to form positively charged ion called cation.
Anion: Addition of electron to atom results to form negatively charged ion called anion.
The net charge present in the element denotes the presence or absence of electrons in the element.
In periodic table the horizontal rows are called periods and the vertical columns are called groups.
Effective Nuclear Charge: It is the positive charge experienced by the valence electrons present in the element due to the screening of innermost electrons present near to the nucleus.
Electron Affinity: The ability of the atom to accept the electron is called electron affinity.

Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Chapter 8 Solutions
CHEMISTRY 1111 LAB MANUAL >C<
- Determine if the following salt is neutral, acidic or basic. If acidic or basic, write the appropriate equilibrium equation for the acid or base that exists when the salt is dissolved in aqueous solution. If neutral, simply write only NR. Be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction LiNO3arrow_forwardAn unknown weak acid with a concentration of 0.410 M has a pH of 5.600. What is the Ka of the weak acid?arrow_forward(racemic) 19.84 Using your reaction roadmaps as a guide, show how to convert 2-oxepanone and ethanol into 1-cyclopentenecarbaldehyde. You must use 2-oxepanone as the source of all carbon atoms in the target molecule. Show all reagents and all molecules synthesized along the way. & + EtOH H 2-Oxepanone 1-Cyclopentenecarbaldehydearrow_forward
- R₂ R₁ R₁ a R Rg Nu R₂ Rg R₁ R R₁₂ R3 R R Nu enolate forming R₁ R B-Alkylated carbonyl species or amines Cyclic B-Ketoester R₁₁ HOB R R₁B R R₁₂ B-Hydroxy carbonyl R diester R2 R3 R₁ RB OR R₂ 0 aB-Unsaturated carbonyl NaOR Aldol HOR reaction 1) LDA 2) R-X 3) H₂O/H₂O ketone, aldehyde 1) 2°-amine 2) acid chloride 3) H₂O'/H₂O 0 O R₁ R₁ R R₁ R₁₂ Alkylated a-carbon R₁ H.C R₁ H.C Alkylated methyl ketone acetoacetic ester B-Ketoester ester R₁ HO R₂ R B-Dicarbonyl HO Alkylated carboxylic acid malonic ester Write the reagents required to bring about each reaction next to the arrows shown. Next, record any regiochemistry or stereochemistry considerations relevant to the reaction. You should also record any key aspects of the mechanism, such as forma- tion of an important intermediate, as a helpful reminder. You may want to keep track of all reactions that make carbon-carbon bonds, because these help you build large molecules from smaller fragments. This especially applies to the reactions in…arrow_forwardProvide the reasonable steps to achieve the following synthesis.arrow_forwardIdentify which compound is more acidic. Justify your choice.arrow_forward
- Provide the reasonable steps to achieve the following synthesis.arrow_forwardWhen anisole is treated with excess bromine, the reaction gives a product which shows two singlets in 1H NMR. Draw the product.arrow_forward(ii) Draw a reasonable mechanism for the following reaction: CI NaOH heat OH (hint: SNAr Reaction) :arrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningWorld of Chemistry, 3rd editionChemistryISBN:9781133109655Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage LearningLiving By Chemistry: First Edition TextbookChemistryISBN:9781559539418Author:Angelica StacyPublisher:MAC HIGHER





