Chapter 8, Problem 8.109QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The plot for the given seven ionization energies (IE) for the given atom, the shell that has electrons corresponds to the respective IE and the reason for presence of the break in graph should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Cation: Removal of electron from the atom results to form positively charged ion called cation.

Anion: Addition of electron to atom results to form negatively charged ion called anion.

The net charge present in the element denotes the presence or absence of electrons in the element.

First ionization energy:

The ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the electron from an isolated atom which is in the gaseous state results to give gaseous ion with one positive charge.

${\text{atom}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\to {\text{ion with positive charge}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\text{ + electron}$

Second ionization:

Repeating the same process that is removal of another electron that is second electron from the resulting ion of first ionization is called second ionization.

Third ionization energy:

Removal of electron from ion that results from the second ionization is called third ionization which results to give ion with three positive charges which shows, three electrons gets removed from the atom and the energy associated with it is called third ionization energy.

To plot: The graph considering the given ionization energies for the given element.

Answer to Problem 8.109QP

Analyze the given data and plot the data for the given element.

Explanation of Solution

The graph that shows the ionization energies for the given elements is drawn considering the given data.

The ionization energy increases since it involves removal of electrons such the successive removal of electrons requires more energy compared to the previous as core electrons tends to tightly bound with the nucleus.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The plot for the given seven ionization energies (IE) for the given atom, the shell that has electrons corresponds to the respective IE and the reason for presence of the break in graph should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Cation: Removal of electron from the atom results to form positively charged ion called cation.

Anion: Addition of electron to atom results to form negatively charged ion called anion.

The net charge present in the element denotes the presence or absence of electrons in the element.

First ionization energy:

The ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the electron from an isolated atom which is in the gaseous state results to give gaseous ion with one positive charge.

${\text{atom}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\to {\text{ion with positive charge}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\text{ + electron}$

Second ionization:

Repeating the same process that is removal of another electron that is second electron from the resulting ion of first ionization is called second ionization.

Third ionization energy:

Removal of electron from ion that results from the second ionization is called third ionization which results to give ion with three positive charges which shows, three electrons gets removed from the atom and the energy associated with it is called third ionization energy.

To determine: The orbital that contains the electron with respect to the energy.

$\begin{array}{l}{\text{IE}}_1\to 3s^1{\text{IE}}_7\to 2p^1\\ {\text{IE}}_2\to 2p^6{\text{IE}}_8\to 2s^2\\ {\text{IE}}_3\to 2p^5{\text{IE}}_9\to 2s^1\\ {\text{IE}}_4\to 2p^4{\text{IE}}_{10}\to 1s^2\\ {\text{IE}}_5\to 2p^3{\text{IE}}_{11}\to 1s^1\\ {\text{IE}}_6\to 2p^2\end{array}$

Explanation of Solution

Examining the graph shows that first the valence electron in the given element gets removed which present in the ${\text{3s}}^{\text{1}}$ and the successive ionization energy indicates the removal of successive electrons from the orbitals following the order in which the electrons tends to fill.

The orbital that contains electrons with respect to the given energy is determined as above.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The plot for the given seven ionization energies (IE) for the given atom, the shell that has electrons corresponds to the respective IE and the reason for presence of the break in graph should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Cation: Removal of electron from the atom results to form positively charged ion called cation.

Anion: Addition of electron to atom results to form negatively charged ion called anion.

The net charge present in the element denotes the presence or absence of electrons in the element.

First ionization energy:

The ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the electron from an isolated atom which is in the gaseous state results to give gaseous ion with one positive charge.

${\text{atom}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\to {\text{ion with positive charge}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\text{ + electron}$

Second ionization:

Repeating the same process that is removal of another electron that is second electron from the resulting ion of first ionization is called second ionization.

Third ionization energy:

Removal of electron from ion that results from the second ionization is called third ionization which results to give ion with three positive charges which shows, three electrons gets removed from the atom and the energy associated with it is called third ionization energy.

To determine: The reason for the breaks in the curve of the plot for given element.

Explanation of Solution

The break in the curve of the plot explains that removal of electrons from one energy level to other level that is break is appeared two times one with going from third to 2^nd level and the other from 2^nd to the first energy level.