Chapter 8, Problem 31P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures for the major products from the given reactions are to be written along with stereoisomers if applicable.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

Markovnikov’s rule: A nucleophile will attack the carbon having less number of hydrogens.

In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the same side, configuration is termed as Z-configuration.

In alkenes, if the higher priority group on both the carbon is on the opposite side, configuration is termed as E-configuration.

${\text{O}}_3,\text{HOAc}$ are added to alkenes, they undergo ozonolysis and form aldehydes and ketones.

Sodium amide is a strong base, which helps in the removal of terminal hydrogen of alkyne and forms acetylide anion.