7th Edition

ISBN: 9781119664796

Author: JESPERSEN

Publisher: WILEY

Concept explainers

The attractive force which has the ability of holding various constituent elements like atoms, ions, molecules, etc. together in different chemical species is termed as a chemical bond. Chemical compounds are dependent on the strength of chemical bonds b…

Polarizability In Organic Chemistry

Polarizability refers to the ability of an atom/molecule to distort the electron cloud of neighboring species towards itself and the process of distortion of electron cloud is known as polarization.

Coordinate Covalent Bonds

A coordinate covalent bond is also known as a dative bond, which is a type of covalent bond. It is formed between two atoms, where the two electrons required to form the bond come from the same atom resulting in a semi-polar bond. The study of coordinate…

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Textbook Question

Chapter 8, Problem 17RQ

The energy required to break the H—Cl bond to give H + and Cl - ions would not be called the H—Cl bond energy. Why?

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Chapter 8, Problem 16RQ

Chapter 8, Problem 18RQ

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14.

During chemical reactions the bonds between atoms break and new bonds form. Energy must be absorbed to break a bond, so breaking bonds is endothermic. Making new bonds is exothermic because energy is released. If the reaction equation is: 2H (g) -> H2 (g) Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic? Use ideas about bonds to explain why.

In chemical reactions, heat is converted into chemical energy (the potential energy stored in chemical bonds) or vice versa. Bond energy is the energy required to break one mole of the bond in the gas phase. Since it takes energy to break a bond, bond energies are always positive. Conversely, energy is released when bonds are formed. Thus, the enthalpy change for a reaction can be approximated from Part A Calculate the bond energy per mole for breaking all the bonds in methane, CH4. ΔΗ Σ(ΔΗ breaking) + Σ(ΔΗ forming) Express your answer to four significant figures and include the appropriate units. where H represents bond energies for the breaking (positive bond energy) or forming (negative bond energy) of a bond and Hrxn represents the overall enthalpy for the • View Available Hint(s) reaction. Use the table to answer questions about bond energies. HẢ Bond energy Bond (kJ/mol ) Value Units AHCH, = C-C 347 C=C 611 Submit Сн 414 C-O 360 Part B C=OinCO2 799 O-0 142 Calculate the bond…

Chapter 8 Solutions

MOLECULAR NATURE OF MATTER 7/E LL W/AC

Ch. 8 - Practice Exercise 8.1 Choose the ionic compound...Ch. 8 - Construct an energy diagram similar to the one in...Ch. 8 - What is wrong with the following electron...Ch. 8 - How do the electron configurations change when a...Ch. 8 - Practice Exercise 8.5 How are the electron...Ch. 8 - Practice Exercise 8.6 Draw the Lewis structures...Ch. 8 - Practice Exercise 8.7 Use Lewis symbols to diagram...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8PE Ch. 8 - Prob. 9PE Ch. 8 - For each atom that does not have an octet, how...

Ch. 8 - The chlorine end of the chlorine monoxide molecule...Ch. 8 - Although isolated Na+ and Cl- ions are unstable,...Ch. 8 - Bromine and chlorine form a molecular substance...Ch. 8 - Practice Exercise 8.14 For each of the following...Ch. 8 - Prob. 15PE Ch. 8 - Draw Lewis structures for...Ch. 8 - Practice Exercise 8.17 Using the structures drawn...Ch. 8 - Practice Exercise 8.18 A student drew the...Ch. 8 - Assign formal charges to the atoms in the...Ch. 8 - Practice Exercise 8.20 Draw the preferred Lewis...Ch. 8 - Prob. 21PE Ch. 8 - Practice Exercise 8.22 Use Lewis structures to...Ch. 8 - Prob. 23PE Ch. 8 - Practice Exercise 8.24 Draw the resonance...Ch. 8 - Determine the preferred Lewis structure for the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 26PE Ch. 8 - Practice Exercise 8.27 The following questions...Ch. 8 - What must be true about the change in the total...Ch. 8 - 8.2 Under what conditions could a compound form...Ch. 8 - 8.3 What is an ionic bond? Ch. 8 - Define the term lattice energy. In what ways does...Ch. 8 - How is the tendency to form ionic bonds related to...Ch. 8 - What influence do ion size and charge have on...Ch. 8 - 8.7 What is the octet rule? What is responsible...Ch. 8 - 8.8 Why doesn’t hydrogen obey the octet rule? Ch. 8 - 8.9 Magnesium forms compounds containing the ion ...Ch. 8 - Prob. 10RQ Ch. 8 - Why do many of the transition elements in Period 4...Ch. 8 - Prob. 12RQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 13RQ Ch. 8 - Which of these Lewis symbols is incorrect?Ch. 8 - Define bond length and bond energy.Ch. 8 - 8.16 Define bond order. How are bond energy and...Ch. 8 - 8.17 The energy required to break the H—Cl bond to...Ch. 8 - In terms of the potential energy change, why...Ch. 8 - Prob. 19RQ Ch. 8 - Describe what happens to the electron density...Ch. 8 - Is the formation of a covalent bond endothermic or...Ch. 8 - What factors control the bond length in a covalent...Ch. 8 - How many covalent bonds are normally formed by (a)...Ch. 8 - What is a polar covalent bond?Ch. 8 - Define dipole moment in the form of an equation....Ch. 8 - 8.26 Define electronegativity. On what basis did...Ch. 8 - Which element has the highest electronegativity?...Ch. 8 - Prob. 28RQ Ch. 8 - If an element has a low electronegativity, is it...Ch. 8 - In what groups in the periodic table are the most...Ch. 8 - How is the electronegativity of a metal related to...Ch. 8 - 8.32 When we say that aluminum is more reactive...Ch. 8 - Arrange the following metals in their approximate...Ch. 8 - 8.34 Complete and balance the following equations....Ch. 8 - Prob. 35RQ Ch. 8 - Without looking at the text, describe the steps...Ch. 8 - 8.37 Why do we usually place the least...Ch. 8 - Why do Period 2 elements never form more than four...Ch. 8 - Define (a) single bond, (b) double bond, and (c)...Ch. 8 - Prob. 40RQ Ch. 8 - How many electrons are in the valence shells of...Ch. 8 - What is the minimum number of electrons that would...Ch. 8 - 8.43 Nitrogen and arsenic are in the same group in...Ch. 8 - 8.44 What is the definition of formal charge? How...Ch. 8 - How are formal charges for atoms in a molecule...Ch. 8 - 8.46 How are formal charges used to select the...Ch. 8 - 8.47 What are the formal charges on the atoms in...Ch. 8 - What is a coordinate covalent bond?Ch. 8 - Once formed, how (if at all) does a coordinate...Ch. 8 - BC13 has an incomplete valence shell. Use Lewis...Ch. 8 - Prob. 51RQ Ch. 8 - 8.52 What is a resonance hybrid? How does it...Ch. 8 - Prob. 53RQ Ch. 8 - Polystyrene plastic is a hydrocarbon that consists...Ch. 8 - Sketch the structures for (a) methane, (b) ethane,...Ch. 8 - Draw the structure for a hydrocarbon that has a...Ch. 8 - How many different molecules have the formula...Ch. 8 - What is a carbonyl group? In which classes of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 59RQ Ch. 8 - 8.60 Write a chemical equation for the ionization...Ch. 8 - Match the compounds on the left with the family...Ch. 8 - Prob. 62RQ Ch. 8 - In each of the following pairs of compounds, which...Ch. 8 - In each of the following pairs of compounds, which...Ch. 8 - Prob. 65RQ Ch. 8 - *8.66 Use an enthalpy diagram to calculate the...Ch. 8 - Explain what happens to the electron...Ch. 8 - Describe what happens to the electron...Ch. 8 - 8.69 What are the electron configurations of the ...Ch. 8 - 8.70 What are the electron configurations of the ...Ch. 8 - Write the abbreviated electron configuration of...Ch. 8 - Write the abbreviated electron configuration of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 73RQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 74RQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 75RQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 76RQ Ch. 8 - How much energy, in joules, is required to break...Ch. 8 - How much energy is released in the formation of...Ch. 8 - The reason there is danger in exposure to...Ch. 8 - A mixture of H2andCl2 is stable, but a bright...Ch. 8 - Prob. 81RQ Ch. 8 - Use Lewis structures to diagram the formation of...Ch. 8 - Chlorine tends to form only one covalent bond...Ch. 8 - Use the octet rule to predict the formula of the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 85RQ Ch. 8 - What would be the formula for the simplest...Ch. 8 - 8.87 Use the data in Table 8.3 to calculate the...Ch. 8 - The molecule bromine monofluoride has a dipole...Ch. 8 - Prob. 89RQ Ch. 8 - 8.90 The dipole moment of HF is 1.83 D and the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 91RQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 92RQ Ch. 8 - Which of the bonds in Problem 8.91 is the most...Ch. 8 - 8.94 Which of the bonds in the Problem 8.92 is the...Ch. 8 - Draw Lewis structures for...Ch. 8 - Draw Lewis structures for...Ch. 8 - Prob. 97RQ Ch. 8 - 8.98 Draw Lewis structures for Ch. 8 - 8.99 Draw Lewis structures for (a) carbon...Ch. 8 - Draw Lewis structures for (a) selenium trioxide,...Ch. 8 - Prob. 101RQ Ch. 8 - 8.102 Draw Lewis structures for . Ch. 8 - Draw the Lewis structure for (a) CH2O (the central...Ch. 8 - Draw Lewis structures for (a) the peroxide ion,...Ch. 8 - Assign formal charges to each atom in the...Ch. 8 - 8.106 Assign formal charges to each atom in the...Ch. 8 - Draw the Lewis structure for HCIO4. Assign formal...Ch. 8 - Draw the Lewis structure for SOCl2 (sulfur bonded...Ch. 8 - Prob. 109RQ Ch. 8 - 8.110 The following are two Lewis structures that...Ch. 8 - 8.111 Use Lewis structures to show that the...Ch. 8 - Use Lewis structures to show that the reaction...Ch. 8 - Draw all of the resonance structures for the N2O4...Ch. 8 - Prob. 114RQ Ch. 8 - How should the NO bond lengths compare in the NO3...Ch. 8 - Arrange the following in order of increasing CO...Ch. 8 - 8.117 The Lewis structure of was given as but...Ch. 8 - *8.118 Use formal charges to establish the...Ch. 8 - 8.119 Give the formula and name of four different...Ch. 8 - Use data from the tables of ionization energies...Ch. 8 - 8.121 Changing to gaseous atoms requires a total...Ch. 8 - In many ways, tin(IV) chloride behaves more like a...Ch. 8 - In each pair, choose the one with the more polar...Ch. 8 - How many electrons are in the outer shell of the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 125RQ Ch. 8 - 8.126 Are the following Lewis structures...Ch. 8 - Assign formal charges to all the atoms in the...Ch. 8 - 8.128 Assign formal charges to all the atoms in...Ch. 8 - The inflation of an air bag when a car experiences...Ch. 8 - 8.130 How should the sulfur-oxygen bond lengths...Ch. 8 - What is the most reasonable Lewis structure for...Ch. 8 - Prob. 132RQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 133RQ Ch. 8 - 8.134 Below is a ball-and-stick model of a type of...Ch. 8 - 8.135 Explain why ions of the representative...Ch. 8 - Use Lewis structures to show the ionization of the...Ch. 8 - The compound below, an amine, is a weak base and...Ch. 8 - 8.138 Use Lewis structures to diagram the reaction...Ch. 8 - How many grams of water could have its temperature...Ch. 8 - Prob. 140RQ Ch. 8 - A 38.40 mg sample of an organic acid composed of...Ch. 8 - What is the average bond energy of a CC covalent...Ch. 8 - One way of estimating the electronegativity of an...Ch. 8 - 8.144 The attractions between molecules of a...Ch. 8 - The positive end of the dipole in a water molecule...Ch. 8 - In describing the structures of molecules, we use...

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